Abstract:
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an improved method and an improved apparatus for converting organic materials, such as waste, sludge, and biomass etc., into recyclable products, such as hydrocarbon fuels.SOLUTION: A method for converting an organic material into hydrocarbon fuels is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of pressurizing the organic material being in a fluid to a pressure above 225 bar, and heating the organic material in the fluid to a temperature above 200°C in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst comprising a compound of at least one element of group IA of the periodic table of elements. The disclosed method further comprises the steps of bringing the organic material in the fluid into contact with a heterogeneous catalyst comprising a compound of at least one element of group IVB of the periodic table and/or α-alumina after assuring that the fluid has initially a pH value of above 7.
Abstract:
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for controlling dense fluid treatment processes in order to improve the efficiency of such processes. SOLUTION: A method for improved control of temperature, pressure and density profiles within a pressure vessel for dense fluid treatment processes are provided. The method comprises at least one pressurization step in which the pressure in the vessel is increased and at least one depressurization step in which the pressure in the vessel is decreased. The method further comprises recycling at least a part of the fluid in at least part time of the method. The method further comprises a holding step in which the pressure in the vessel is substantially constant. The method further comprises the step of controlling the temperature of the fluid in a recirculation loop. The heat can be added to and/or extracted from the fluid in the recirculation loop. The method can control temperature, pressure and/or density profiles within the vessel. COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT
Abstract:
A board or panel, having an upper surface, comprising a base; and at least one layer overlaying said base, wherein at least one of said overlaying layers comprises first nanoparticles embedded in the layer such that the upper surface shows hydrophilic characteristics. Also described are methods for manufacturing such a panel or board, and compositions for use in such methods.
Abstract:
The invention relates to controlled preparation of fine particles such as nano-crystalline films and powders with at least one solvent being in a supercritical state. It provides methods, measures, apparatus and products produced by the methods. In other aspects the invention relates to further treatment of formed particles such as encapsulation of formed primary particles, and methods and measures for collection of formed substances in a batch wise, semi-continuous or continuous manner.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for intensifying the energy content of an organic material by converting the material into hydrocarbons and the resulting product thereof. A method for converting an organic material into hydrocarbon fuels is disclosed. The method comprising the steps of pressurising said organic material being in a fluid to a pressure above 225 bar, heating said organic material in said fluid to a temperature above 200 C in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst comprising a compound of at least one element of group IA of the periodic table of elements. The disclosed method further comprises the steps of contacting said organic material in said fluid with a heterogeneous catalyst comprising a compound of at least one element of group IVB of the periodic table and/or alpha-alumina assuring that said fluid has initially a pH value of above 7.
Abstract:
A method for converting organic material into hydrocarbon fuel, such as ethanol, the method comprising a fermentation process fermenting the organic material thereby providing a fermentation broth, a separation process separating the fermented material into a hydrocarbon fuel and a residual product, a conversion process at least partly converting the residual product into energy, and a energy distribution process distributing at least some of the energy provided by the conversion process to the fermentation process.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to a method of producing a nano-sized material such as in the form of a colloidal suspension of nano-sized particles and/or as a coating and/or as a thin film comprised by such nano-sized particles on the surface of a substrate. The invention also relates to an apparatus for carrying out the method according to the present invention.
Abstract:
This invention relates to preparation of micro emulsions having a controlled size. It provides methods, measures, apparatus and products produced by the methods. The method is particularly suitable for preparing micro emulsions of water containing one or more ionic species in an oil and/or dense fluid phase such as CO2 containing fluids under near or supercritical conditions, thereby enabling the use of said dense fluids as solvents for extraction of ionic species, as nano-reactor templates and/or as a carrier for further processing such as deposition on a solid material and/or in a process for producing fine particles, such as particles in the nano- or micrometer range.
Abstract:
processo, aparelhagem e instalação para conversão de material orgânico. a presente invenção refere-se a um processo e aparelho para intensificação de teor de energia de um material orgânico através de conversão de material em hidrocarbonetos e o seu resultante produto. um processo para conversão de um material orgânico em combustíveis hidrocarbonetos é mostrado. o processo compreendendo as etapas de pressurização do dito material orgânico estando em um fluido para uma pressão acima de 22,5 mpa (225 bar), aquecimento do dito material orgânico no dito fluido para uma temperatura acima de 200°c na presença de um catalisador homogêneo compreendendo um composto de pelo menos um elemento de grupo ia da tabela periódica de elementos, o processo mostrado ainda compreende as etapas de contato do dito material orgânico no dito fluido com um catalisador heterogêneo compreendendo um composto de pelo menos um elemento de grupo ivb da tabela periádica e/ou alfa-alumina assegurando que o dito fluido tenha inicialmente um valor de ph acima de 7.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for intensifying the energy content of an organic material by converting the material into hydrocarbons and the resulting product thereof. A method for converting an organic material into hydrocarbon fuels is disclosed. The method comprising the steps of pressurising said organic material being in a fluid to a pressure above 225 bar, heating said organic material in said fluid to a temperature above 200 C in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst comprising a compound of at least one element of group IA of the periodic table of elements. The disclosed method further comprises the steps of contacting said organic material in said fluid with a heterogeneous catalyst comprising a compound of at least one element of group IVB of the periodic table and/or alpha-alumina assuring that said fluid has initially a pH value of above 7.