Abstract:
A photo voltaic cell has base and emitter areas and contacts to these areas on the back surface. Additional floating conductors are provided on the front surface. The conductors extend on the front surface, from over the emitter areas on the back surface to over the base areas on the back surface. In this way, the effect of electrode shading is reduced.
Abstract:
A solar panel module includes a transparent carrier and semi-conductor substrate portions that have a front surface and a rear surface. The front surface is arranged for capturing radiation energy. The semiconductor substrate portions are arranged adjacent to each other on the transparent carrier and are separated from each other by a groove. Each semiconductor substrate portion is attached with the front surface to the transparent carrier. Each groove includes a side wall of each of the adjacent semiconductor substrate portions. The front surface of each semiconductor substrate portion is provided with a doped layer of a first conductivity type. Each semiconductor substrate portion includes a first electric contact for minority charge carriers and a second electric contact for majority charge carriers in the semiconductor substrate portion. The first electric contact is arranged on at least the rear surface of the semiconductor substrate portion as a heterostructure of a first type. The hetero junction of the first type includes an intrinsic semiconductor layer on the semiconductor substrate portion and a semiconductor layer of a second conductivity type, opposite to the first conductivity type,on top of the intrinsic semiconductor layer.
Abstract:
Fuel cell consisting of simple components. This fuel cell is preferably constructed as anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell, but can also be used with electrolyte- and metal- supported solid oxide fuel cells. The anode and electrolyte are larger than the cathode and the portion of the anode/electrolyte protruding beyond the cathode is provided with a peripheral seal. The anode/electrolyte/cathode combination is provided with a flow/gas distribution grid on both the anode and the cathode side. The anode/cathode combination including the flow/gas distribution grids is enclosed between two separator plates, an auxiliary plate and a spacer. There is a peripheral seal. The auxiliary plate is designed for external feeding and discharge of a cathode gas, whilst the separator plate and the auxiliary plate are prodded with openings for internal feeding/discharge of anode gas. The join of the auxiliary plate and spacer to the separator plate is effected by means of a solder join. The other two seals are effected with a metallic seal, such as a silver wire. In this way a cell stack consisting of at least twenty-five fuel cells produced in this way can be built up using simple components obtained, for example, from sheet by punching. The invention is preferably carried out with the use of internal distribution of the anode gas and external distribution of the cathode gas, as a result of which a compact, safe cell stack is obtained.
Abstract:
A photovoltaic cell includes a semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type, with a first surface arranged with a highly doped surface field layer of the first conductivity type. The substrate has on the highly doped surface field layer at least one contacting area for contacting the surface field layer with a respective contact. In the first surface at the location of said at least one contacting area a doping concentration in the highly doped surface field layer is increased relative to the doping concentration in the surface area outside the first contacting area, and in the first surface at the location of each contacting area the highly doped surface field layer has a profile depth that is larger than a profile depth of the doped surface field layer outside the contacting area.
Abstract:
Calculating device and method for carrying out status calculations in an electricity network (2) with a multiplicity of nodes (K1-K11). The method comprises the allocation of a local calculating agent (A1-AI11) to each of the multiplicity of nodes (K1-K11), the allocation of regional calculating agents (R1, R2) to regional networks (3, 4), the reception by the regional calculating agents (R1, R2) of the results of the status calculations from the associated local calculating agents (A1-A11) and, on the basis thereof, the performance of a status calculation for the associated regional network (3, 4). The method further comprises the creation of a simplified network representation of the associated regional network (3, 4) and the reception by a higher- order regional calculating agent (R3) of the results of the status calculations and the simplified network representations of the regional calculating agents (R1, R2), and, on the basis of the simplified network representations, calculation of the status of the electricity network (2).