Abstract:
An elastic wave transducer includes a substrate (101) having a lower electrode, a support member (102) formed on the substrate, and a membrane (103) that is held by the support member and has an upper electrode. The membrane has a first region (105) that is in contact with the support member, and a second region (106) that is out of contact with said support member and is deformed by receiving an elastic wave. The second region of the membrane has a region in which the bulk density of the second region becomes smaller in accordance with an increasing distance thereof from the first region of the membrane. In addition, the second region has a bulk density ratio that is larger than or equal to 0.1 and is less than or equal to 0.5.
Abstract:
An elastic wave transducer includes a substrate (101) having a lower electrode, a support member (102) formed on the substrate, and a membrane (103) that is held by the support member and has an upper electrode. The membrane has a first region (105) that is in contact with the support member, and a second region (106) that is out of contact with said support member and is deformed by receiving an elastic wave. The second region of the membrane has a region in which the bulk density of the second region becomes smaller in accordance with an increasing distance thereof from the first region of the membrane. In addition, the second region has a bulk density ratio that is larger than or equal to 0.1 and is less than or equal to 0.5.
Abstract:
The method for producing an alcohol includes the steps of continuously feeding starting materials of an alcohol, and carrying out catalytic reduction reaction of the starting materials in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst. In this method, the starting materials of an alcohol and a hydrogen gas are fed in a gaseous state or a mixture of liquid and gaseous states in a reduction reactor, and the catalytic reduction reaction of the starting materials is carried out under temperature conditons, pressure conditions, and conditions of a molar ratio of hydrogen ((hydrogen molecules)/(acyl groups in the starting materials)), sufficient to give an evaporation ratio of the starting materials of from 20 to 80 % by weight.
Abstract:
A method for preparing a copper-containing hydrogenation reaction catalyst includes the step of reducing a formed precursor of a copper-containing hydrogenation reaction catalyst with hydrogen gas or a mixture of hydrogen and inert gas by liquid phase reduction in a stream of a solvent. The reductive activation is carried out by the two steps of performing the first stage of liquid phase reduction by which the catalyst precursor is activated in the temperature range of from 20 to 140 DEG C so that at least 10 % by weight of the copper oxide contained in the catalyst precursor can be reduced by the time when the temperature passes 140 DEG C, and then performing the second stage of liquid phase reduction by which the catalyst precursor is further activated in the temperature range of from 140 to 250 DEG C. The catalyst thus obtained has markedly improved catalytic activity and selectivity. An alcohol of high quality can be obtained at a high productivity using the catalyst in a fixed bed continuous reaction system.