Abstract:
A process for the alkylation of aromatic substrates under supercritical or near-critical reaction conditions is described. In particular, a method for performing Friedel-Crafts alkylation reactions is disclosed under those conditions. Friedel-Crafts reactions may be effected using a heterogeneous catalyst in a continuous flow reactor containing a supercritical or near-critical reaction medium. Selectivity of product formation can be achieved by varying one or more of temperature, pressure, catalyst, flow rates and also by varying the ratios of aromatic substrate to alkylating agent.
Abstract:
A sweetener and to a method of production thereof is provided. The task of the present invention consists of providing a sucrose-based sweetener, in the production of which the step of separation of the residual sucrose from the isomerization stage is not required, and which has excellent properties for further processing, for example it can be formulated as sweets.
Abstract:
A sweetener and to a method of production thereof is provided. The task of the present invention consists of providing a sucrose-based sweetener, in the production of which the step of separation of the residual sucrose from the isomerization stage is not required, and which has excellent properties for further processing, for example it can be formulated as sweets.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to a chemocatalytic liquid-phase process for the direct one-stage amination of alcohols to primary amines by means of ammonia in high yields using a catalyst system containing at least one transition metal compound and a xantphos ligand.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to a process for preparing primary amines comprising the process steps A) provision of a solution of a primary alcohol in a fluid, nongaseous phase, B) contacting of the phase with free ammonia and/or at least one ammonia-releasing compound and a homogeneous catalyst and optionally C) isolation of the primary amine formed in process step B), characterized in that the volume ratio of the volume of the liquid phase to the volume of the gas phase in process step B is greater than 0.05 and/or in that process step B is carried out at pressures greater than 10 bar.
Abstract:
The invention relates to a process for preparing primary amines which comprises the process steps A) provision of a solution of a secondary alcohol in a fluid, nongaseous phase, B) contacting of the phase with free ammonia and/or at least one ammonia-releasing compound and a homogeneous catalyst and optionally C) isolation of the primary amine formed in process step B), characterized in that the volume ratio of the volume of the liquid phase to the volume of the gas phase in process step B is greater than or equal to 0.25, and/or in that the ammonia is used in process step B) in a molar ratio based on the hydroxyl groups in the secondary alcohol of at least 5:1.
Abstract:
A process for the preparation of free carboxylic acids including: A) preparation of carboxylic acid by a biological cell located in an aqueous medium with addition of an amine of formula (I) where R1, R2 and R3, independently of one another, are identical or different, branched or unbranched, optionally substituted hydrocarbon radicals or H; B) for cases where the added amine A) is water-soluble, addition of a water-insoluble amine of formula (I), where, in A) or B), a multiphase system is obtained and the corresponding ammonium carboxylate is formed from the water-insoluble amine and the carboxylic acid; C) removal of the water-insoluble phase; and D) heating of the water-insoluble phase with release of free carboxylic acid.
Abstract:
A searchable library of catalysts, wherein each catalyst is defined by a specific performance profile, is created by a series of steps. The first involves the selection of a catalyst, a substrate and at least two different chemical reactions for catalyst characterization. The next involves contacting the catalyst and substrate under conditions suitable for the selected reaction and measuring for each of the selected reactions a reaction parameter, which is associated with catalyst performance. The catalyst performance is then determined and a value assigned. The performance profile is a table including the performance values. The catalyst is then placed into a library, which is searchable based on the performance profile.
Abstract:
Moldings based on pyrogenic silicon dioxide with a pore volume of 0.5 to 1.8 ml/g are prepared by homogenizing pyrogenic silicon dioxide with methylhydroxyethyl cellulose, wax and polyethylene glycol with the addition of water, subjecting this mixture to a compounding and shaping process, extruding, optionally cutting the extrudate to the desired length using a cutting device, drying at a temperature of 70° to 150° C. and conditioning for a period of 30 minutes to 10 hours at a temperature of 400° to 1200° C. The moldings may be used as catalysts or catalyst supports for the preparation of vinyl acetate monomer, the hydration of ethylene and the hydration of propylene.