公开(公告)号：FR1340613A

公开(公告)日：1963-10-18

申请号：FR917715

申请日：1962-12-06

Applicant: IBM

Inventor： HORWITZ LAWRENCE PAUL ,  REINES JOSE ,  SHELTON GLENMORE LORRAINE

IPC: G10L15/02 ,  G10L19/02

公开(公告)号：DE1216939B

公开(公告)日：1966-05-18

申请号：DEJ0024154

申请日：1963-07-30

Applicant: IBM

Inventor： HORWITZ LAWRENCE PAUL

IPC: G11C11/44

Abstract: 1,004,963. Superconductive devices. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION. July 30, 1963 [July 30, 1962; Oct. 5, 1962], No. 30057/63. Heading H1K. [Also in Division H3] A superconductive arrangement comprises a hollow cylindrical member of superconducting material in which a quantised amount of magnetic flux is trapped by switching the member from the resistive to the superconducting state while it is threaded by an applied magnetic field, and means for directly sensing the amount of trapped flux or means for continuously raising the resultant magnetic field within the cylinder until it exceeds the critical field, thereby successively releasing quanta of trapped flux to produce current pulses in a sensing element which are counted to determine the total amount of flux trapped. An arrangement suitable for use in the latter manner, produced by thin film deposition techniques, is shown in Fig. 6. Along the axis of the cylindrical indium member 42 11 runs a copper strip 41 11 used as readout conductor. The sensing conductor is constituted by a layer 44 11 connected at both ends to superconductive shield 69 to form a coil which includes a neck portion 5111 forming the control conductor of a cryotron the gate of which is designated 56 11 . Operation is as follows: a magnetic flux parallel to the cylinder axis is established by passing current through member 55 while the cylinder is held resistive by means of a resultant field greater than the critical field. This may be the vector resultant of the field of member 55 and an auxiliary field generated either by current along conductor 4111 or by current along the cylinder itself. The auxiliary field is then cut off to render the cylinder superconducting whereupon a reaction current is generated in the cylinder sufficient to bring the flux within the cylinder parallel to the axis to an allowed quantised value. The external field is then removed whereupon the reaction current changes sufficiently to maintain the total flux at the quantised value. This flux may be read out by passing a current increasing as a ramp function axially along conductor 41 or cylinder 42. In either case the vectorial sun of the field thus generated and the quantised flux field increases until it exceeds the critical field. The cylinder then goes momentarily resistive and releases a quantum of stored flux to produce a current pulse in coil 44 1 sufficient to drive the cryotron gate resistive. When the quantum has been released the cylinder reverts to the superconductive state until the vectorial sum of the fields again exceeds the critical field, when a further pulse is produced, and so on. The pulses are counted to determine the amount of flux stored. A similar arrangement with a field coil replacing conductor 55 is also described (Fig. 5, not shown). In another arrangement (Fig. 4A, not shown) which lacks the built-in cryotron the pulses in the sensing coil are either counted using a cryogenic ring circuit or amplified and displayed on a cathode ray tube. The amplitude of the pulse increases and its width decreases as the number of quanta still stored increases and when a larger number of quanta is stored the time delay in switching from the superconducting to resistive state and back is such that several quanta are released simultaneously. A device enabling non-destructive readout, shown in Fig. 7 is maintained at a temperature such that under zero field conditions all the elements shown are with superconducting state. The device is connected in the circuit shown in Fig. 8. In this case quantised flux is trapped in tin cylinder 110 by holding it resistive by current in lead 115 while subjected to field generated by current in leads 113, 114, which are as broad as the cylinder is long and then terminating the current in lead 115. Since the critical current in indium conductor 112 is now dependent on the amount of flux trapped the latter may be sensed by increasing the current supplied to it as a ramp function. This current supplied by 151 divides between conductor 112 and a parallel lead including inductor 156 and one or more cryotron control elements 154. Initially as both paths are superconducting the greater inductance of the parallel path shows the rise of current therein but when the critical current is reached the current in conductor 112 stays substantially constant and the current through the cryotron control element begins to rise. At a certain point it drives the gate resistive, a condition which is sensed by periodic pulses from a strobe 63. The time elapsing before this happens is determined by the amount of stored flux. Several cryotron control conductors associated with differently biased gates may be placed in series in line 153. In this case the arrangement may be such that at the end of readout the number of gates in the resistive state corresponds to the number of quanta stored. A method of making a device constructionally similar to that of Fig. 5 by vapour deposition techniques is described. Dimensions of all the devices referred to above are given in the Specification. Specification 990,288 is referred to.

公开(公告)号：DE1271438B

公开(公告)日：1968-06-27

申请号：DE1271438

申请日：1965-06-11

Applicant: IBM

Inventor： HORWITZ LAWRENCE PAUL ,  KARP RICHARD MANNING

IPC: G06F9/45 ,  G06F15/34

公开(公告)号：DE1221041B

公开(公告)日：1966-07-14

申请号：DEJ0021872

申请日：1962-06-01

Applicant: IBM

Inventor： REINES JOSE ,  HORWITZ LAWRENCE PAUL ,  JUN GLENMORE LORRAINE SHELTON

IPC: G06F17/15 ,  G06K9/52 ,  G06K9/74 ,  G06K9/80

Abstract: 990,531. Automatic character reading. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION. May 30, 1962 [June 19, 1961], No. 20754/62. Heading G4R. In a character reading apparatus the character is scanned to derive signals representing black and white areas of the character, some or all of these signals being autocorrelated to provide a multiplicity of second signals representing at least parts of different autocorrelation orders of the character pattern and means are provided for identifying the scanned character from the second signals. A first order autocorrelation function gives the number of pairs of black areas separated by a given distance in a given direction over all possible distances and directions. The function is derived by comparing pairs of points having the same positional relationship all over the character pattern and counting all pairs where both are black. The counts may be tabulated for each positional relationship. A second order autocorrelation function comparisons are made between groups of three points and counting all triples where all three are black. The process may be repeated for any number of points in a group and the general case is considered of autocorrelation functions of first, second, and so on up to the nth order. The character 1, Fig. 1, is scanned in a horizontal raster by a C.R.T. 5 and the reflected light, received in photo-cell 7, provides signals f(t) representing the character as shown in Fig. 5. Since the speed of scanning is uniform the character may be considered as being represented by a series of fortyfive pulses i.e. a function of time. The f(t) signals are combined in pairs, triples &c. in an N-tuple generator 9 and the outputs applied to identification circuit 11. The N-tuples are extracted as shown in Figs. 28a, 28b, 28c, the photo-cell output being sampled at 45 points in the scan, to obtain the series shown in Fig. 5, and applied to a shift register 125. At each step the signals in the register stages are gated, in gates 127, with the incoming signal. This compares each position in the signal with each other position and black-black coincidences appear as output pulses which are counted by being integrated in integrators 151. The output from the 2-element combination gates are applied to further gates 129 also connected to stages of the shift-register, thereby obtaining 3- element combinations and so on. The coincidences are counted as before. The integrator outputs are D.C. voltages each representing a term in the first, second, --nth order autocorrelation functions. The first and second order functions are shown in Fig. 9 for the character "3". The first order terms are indicated along the bottom edge and again on the diagonal. Only half the table is shown since the other side is a mirror-image. The values in the table indicate the number of coincidences of the original signal train with both of points t 1 and t 2 which vary from 0 to 22. Shaded areas are points which are on the fringe of the pattern area and can be ignored. The integrator outputs after amplification at 153 are applied via resistors to certain ones of character leads SSR1-SSR0. The connections are designed so that an ideal character gives a maximum output on the corresponding lead. The lead signals are normalised for area of character by weighted resistors 157 and applied to a transistor circuit which determines the most positive signal. In this circuit each lead is connected to an N-P-N transistor with a common emitter lead. Current flows only in the transistor connected to the highest signal. The conducting transistor operates a relay and lights a lamp. In the form of Fig. 3 the integrator outputs are applied to circuits which derive "entropy" functions E1, E2, E3 (Fig. 9) which represent the "order" or "disorder" of the pattern sensed. The functions are represented by D.C. voltages and are applied through suitably weighted resistors to the character leads as before. In another form certain combinations only of the character positions are compared. These combinations may represent certain shape elements, e.g. a horizontal line. The combinations are stored on flip-flops and the outputs gated to identify the character. In another arrangement successive shape elements operate successive flipflops in recognition chains, one for each character. The first chain to be fully operated identifies the character. Seven shape elements may be specified by the combinations selected e.g. those shown in Fig. 34a. In a last embodiment the shape element signals are sampled at six instants during the scanning starting with the occurrence of the first shape element. The expected occurrences of the shape elements for the ten characters 0-9 is shown in Fig. 34c. The same pattern derived from the scanned character is entered with seven shiftregisters in similar form and gates are provided which compare particular pairs of positions in the same and different columns as the pattern is entered. Coincidences are added in an integrator and the voltages derived are compared after normalisation to obtain the highest. This identifies the character as before. Specification 982,989 is referred to.

公开(公告)号：DE1234064B

公开(公告)日：1967-02-09

申请号：DEJ0029595

申请日：1962-06-01

Applicant: IBM

Inventor： REINES JOSE ,  JUN GLENMORE LORRAINE SHELTON ,  HORWITZ LAWRENCE PAUL

IPC: G06F17/15 ,  G06K9/52 ,  G06K9/74 ,  G06K9/80

Abstract: 990,531. Automatic character reading. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION. May 30, 1962 [June 19, 1961], No. 20754/62. Heading G4R. In a character reading apparatus the character is scanned to derive signals representing black and white areas of the character, some or all of these signals being autocorrelated to provide a multiplicity of second signals representing at least parts of different autocorrelation orders of the character pattern and means are provided for identifying the scanned character from the second signals. A first order autocorrelation function gives the number of pairs of black areas separated by a given distance in a given direction over all possible distances and directions. The function is derived by comparing pairs of points having the same positional relationship all over the character pattern and counting all pairs where both are black. The counts may be tabulated for each positional relationship. A second order autocorrelation function comparisons are made between groups of three points and counting all triples where all three are black. The process may be repeated for any number of points in a group and the general case is considered of autocorrelation functions of first, second, and so on up to the nth order. The character 1, Fig. 1, is scanned in a horizontal raster by a C.R.T. 5 and the reflected light, received in photo-cell 7, provides signals f(t) representing the character as shown in Fig. 5. Since the speed of scanning is uniform the character may be considered as being represented by a series of fortyfive pulses i.e. a function of time. The f(t) signals are combined in pairs, triples &c. in an N-tuple generator 9 and the outputs applied to identification circuit 11. The N-tuples are extracted as shown in Figs. 28a, 28b, 28c, the photo-cell output being sampled at 45 points in the scan, to obtain the series shown in Fig. 5, and applied to a shift register 125. At each step the signals in the register stages are gated, in gates 127, with the incoming signal. This compares each position in the signal with each other position and black-black coincidences appear as output pulses which are counted by being integrated in integrators 151. The output from the 2-element combination gates are applied to further gates 129 also connected to stages of the shift-register, thereby obtaining 3- element combinations and so on. The coincidences are counted as before. The integrator outputs are D.C. voltages each representing a term in the first, second, --nth order autocorrelation functions. The first and second order functions are shown in Fig. 9 for the character "3". The first order terms are indicated along the bottom edge and again on the diagonal. Only half the table is shown since the other side is a mirror-image. The values in the table indicate the number of coincidences of the original signal train with both of points t 1 and t 2 which vary from 0 to 22. Shaded areas are points which are on the fringe of the pattern area and can be ignored. The integrator outputs after amplification at 153 are applied via resistors to certain ones of character leads SSR1-SSR0. The connections are designed so that an ideal character gives a maximum output on the corresponding lead. The lead signals are normalised for area of character by weighted resistors 157 and applied to a transistor circuit which determines the most positive signal. In this circuit each lead is connected to an N-P-N transistor with a common emitter lead. Current flows only in the transistor connected to the highest signal. The conducting transistor operates a relay and lights a lamp. In the form of Fig. 3 the integrator outputs are applied to circuits which derive "entropy" functions E1, E2, E3 (Fig. 9) which represent the "order" or "disorder" of the pattern sensed. The functions are represented by D.C. voltages and are applied through suitably weighted resistors to the character leads as before. In another form certain combinations only of the character positions are compared. These combinations may represent certain shape elements, e.g. a horizontal line. The combinations are stored on flip-flops and the outputs gated to identify the character. In another arrangement successive shape elements operate successive flipflops in recognition chains, one for each character. The first chain to be fully operated identifies the character. Seven shape elements may be specified by the combinations selected e.g. those shown in Fig. 34a. In a last embodiment the shape element signals are sampled at six instants during the scanning starting with the occurrence of the first shape element. The expected occurrences of the shape elements for the ten characters 0-9 is shown in Fig. 34c. The same pattern derived from the scanned character is entered with seven shiftregisters in similar form and gates are provided which compare particular pairs of positions in the same and different columns as the pattern is entered. Coincidences are added in an integrator and the voltages derived are compared after normalisation to obtain the highest. This identifies the character as before. Specification 982,989 is referred to.

公开(公告)号：DE1227946B

公开(公告)日：1966-11-03

申请号：DEJ0024477

申请日：1963-09-26

Applicant: IBM

Inventor： CONNELL RICHARD ALLEN ,  HORWITZ LAWRENCE PAUL ,  QUINN DANIEL JOHN ,  SERAPHIM DONALD PHILIP

IPC: G11C11/44

Abstract: 1,004,963. Superconductive devices. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION. July 30, 1963 [July 30, 1962; Oct. 5, 1962], No. 30057/63. Heading H1K. [Also in Division H3] A superconductive arrangement comprises a hollow cylindrical member of superconducting material in which a quantised amount of magnetic flux is trapped by switching the member from the resistive to the superconducting state while it is threaded by an applied magnetic field, and means for directly sensing the amount of trapped flux or means for continuously raising the resultant magnetic field within the cylinder until it exceeds the critical field, thereby successively releasing quanta of trapped flux to produce current pulses in a sensing element which are counted to determine the total amount of flux trapped. An arrangement suitable for use in the latter manner, produced by thin film deposition techniques, is shown in Fig. 6. Along the axis of the cylindrical indium member 42 11 runs a copper strip 41 11 used as readout conductor. The sensing conductor is constituted by a layer 44 11 connected at both ends to superconductive shield 69 to form a coil which includes a neck portion 5111 forming the control conductor of a cryotron the gate of which is designated 56 11 . Operation is as follows: a magnetic flux parallel to the cylinder axis is established by passing current through member 55 while the cylinder is held resistive by means of a resultant field greater than the critical field. This may be the vector resultant of the field of member 55 and an auxiliary field generated either by current along conductor 4111 or by current along the cylinder itself. The auxiliary field is then cut off to render the cylinder superconducting whereupon a reaction current is generated in the cylinder sufficient to bring the flux within the cylinder parallel to the axis to an allowed quantised value. The external field is then removed whereupon the reaction current changes sufficiently to maintain the total flux at the quantised value. This flux may be read out by passing a current increasing as a ramp function axially along conductor 41 or cylinder 42. In either case the vectorial sun of the field thus generated and the quantised flux field increases until it exceeds the critical field. The cylinder then goes momentarily resistive and releases a quantum of stored flux to produce a current pulse in coil 44 1 sufficient to drive the cryotron gate resistive. When the quantum has been released the cylinder reverts to the superconductive state until the vectorial sum of the fields again exceeds the critical field, when a further pulse is produced, and so on. The pulses are counted to determine the amount of flux stored. A similar arrangement with a field coil replacing conductor 55 is also described (Fig. 5, not shown). In another arrangement (Fig. 4A, not shown) which lacks the built-in cryotron the pulses in the sensing coil are either counted using a cryogenic ring circuit or amplified and displayed on a cathode ray tube. The amplitude of the pulse increases and its width decreases as the number of quanta still stored increases and when a larger number of quanta is stored the time delay in switching from the superconducting to resistive state and back is such that several quanta are released simultaneously. A device enabling non-destructive readout, shown in Fig. 7 is maintained at a temperature such that under zero field conditions all the elements shown are with superconducting state. The device is connected in the circuit shown in Fig. 8. In this case quantised flux is trapped in tin cylinder 110 by holding it resistive by current in lead 115 while subjected to field generated by current in leads 113, 114, which are as broad as the cylinder is long and then terminating the current in lead 115. Since the critical current in indium conductor 112 is now dependent on the amount of flux trapped the latter may be sensed by increasing the current supplied to it as a ramp function. This current supplied by 151 divides between conductor 112 and a parallel lead including inductor 156 and one or more cryotron control elements 154. Initially as both paths are superconducting the greater inductance of the parallel path shows the rise of current therein but when the critical current is reached the current in conductor 112 stays substantially constant and the current through the cryotron control element begins to rise. At a certain point it drives the gate resistive, a condition which is sensed by periodic pulses from a strobe 63. The time elapsing before this happens is determined by the amount of stored flux. Several cryotron control conductors associated with differently biased gates may be placed in series in line 153. In this case the arrangement may be such that at the end of readout the number of gates in the resistive state corresponds to the number of quanta stored. A method of making a device constructionally similar to that of Fig. 5 by vapour deposition techniques is described. Dimensions of all the devices referred to above are given in the Specification. Specification 990,288 is referred to.

公开(公告)号：DE1181956B

公开(公告)日：1964-11-19

申请号：DEJ0020689

申请日：1961-10-21

Applicant: IBM

Inventor： HORWITZ LAWRENCE PAUL ,  JUN GLENMORE LORRAINE SHELTON

IPC: G06F17/15 ,  G06K9/52 ,  G06K9/74 ,  G06K9/80

Abstract: 990,531. Automatic character reading. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION. May 30, 1962 [June 19, 1961], No. 20754/62. Heading G4R. In a character reading apparatus the character is scanned to derive signals representing black and white areas of the character, some or all of these signals being autocorrelated to provide a multiplicity of second signals representing at least parts of different autocorrelation orders of the character pattern and means are provided for identifying the scanned character from the second signals. A first order autocorrelation function gives the number of pairs of black areas separated by a given distance in a given direction over all possible distances and directions. The function is derived by comparing pairs of points having the same positional relationship all over the character pattern and counting all pairs where both are black. The counts may be tabulated for each positional relationship. A second order autocorrelation function comparisons are made between groups of three points and counting all triples where all three are black. The process may be repeated for any number of points in a group and the general case is considered of autocorrelation functions of first, second, and so on up to the nth order. The character 1, Fig. 1, is scanned in a horizontal raster by a C.R.T. 5 and the reflected light, received in photo-cell 7, provides signals f(t) representing the character as shown in Fig. 5. Since the speed of scanning is uniform the character may be considered as being represented by a series of fortyfive pulses i.e. a function of time. The f(t) signals are combined in pairs, triples &c. in an N-tuple generator 9 and the outputs applied to identification circuit 11. The N-tuples are extracted as shown in Figs. 28a, 28b, 28c, the photo-cell output being sampled at 45 points in the scan, to obtain the series shown in Fig. 5, and applied to a shift register 125. At each step the signals in the register stages are gated, in gates 127, with the incoming signal. This compares each position in the signal with each other position and black-black coincidences appear as output pulses which are counted by being integrated in integrators 151. The output from the 2-element combination gates are applied to further gates 129 also connected to stages of the shift-register, thereby obtaining 3- element combinations and so on. The coincidences are counted as before. The integrator outputs are D.C. voltages each representing a term in the first, second, --nth order autocorrelation functions. The first and second order functions are shown in Fig. 9 for the character "3". The first order terms are indicated along the bottom edge and again on the diagonal. Only half the table is shown since the other side is a mirror-image. The values in the table indicate the number of coincidences of the original signal train with both of points t 1 and t 2 which vary from 0 to 22. Shaded areas are points which are on the fringe of the pattern area and can be ignored. The integrator outputs after amplification at 153 are applied via resistors to certain ones of character leads SSR1-SSR0. The connections are designed so that an ideal character gives a maximum output on the corresponding lead. The lead signals are normalised for area of character by weighted resistors 157 and applied to a transistor circuit which determines the most positive signal. In this circuit each lead is connected to an N-P-N transistor with a common emitter lead. Current flows only in the transistor connected to the highest signal. The conducting transistor operates a relay and lights a lamp. In the form of Fig. 3 the integrator outputs are applied to circuits which derive "entropy" functions E1, E2, E3 (Fig. 9) which represent the "order" or "disorder" of the pattern sensed. The functions are represented by D.C. voltages and are applied through suitably weighted resistors to the character leads as before. In another form certain combinations only of the character positions are compared. These combinations may represent certain shape elements, e.g. a horizontal line. The combinations are stored on flip-flops and the outputs gated to identify the character. In another arrangement successive shape elements operate successive flipflops in recognition chains, one for each character. The first chain to be fully operated identifies the character. Seven shape elements may be specified by the combinations selected e.g. those shown in Fig. 34a. In a last embodiment the shape element signals are sampled at six instants during the scanning starting with the occurrence of the first shape element. The expected occurrences of the shape elements for the ten characters 0-9 is shown in Fig. 34c. The same pattern derived from the scanned character is entered with seven shiftregisters in similar form and gates are provided which compare particular pairs of positions in the same and different columns as the pattern is entered. Coincidences are added in an integrator and the voltages derived are compared after normalisation to obtain the highest. This identifies the character as before. Specification 982,989 is referred to.