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公开(公告)号：DE1234064B
公开(公告)日：1967-02-09
申请号：DEJ0029595
申请日：1962-06-01
Applicant: IBM
Inventor： REINES JOSE , JUN GLENMORE LORRAINE SHELTON , HORWITZ LAWRENCE PAUL
Abstract: 990,531. Automatic character reading. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION. May 30, 1962 [June 19, 1961], No. 20754/62. Heading G4R. In a character reading apparatus the character is scanned to derive signals representing black and white areas of the character, some or all of these signals being autocorrelated to provide a multiplicity of second signals representing at least parts of different autocorrelation orders of the character pattern and means are provided for identifying the scanned character from the second signals. A first order autocorrelation function gives the number of pairs of black areas separated by a given distance in a given direction over all possible distances and directions. The function is derived by comparing pairs of points having the same positional relationship all over the character pattern and counting all pairs where both are black. The counts may be tabulated for each positional relationship. A second order autocorrelation function comparisons are made between groups of three points and counting all triples where all three are black. The process may be repeated for any number of points in a group and the general case is considered of autocorrelation functions of first, second, and so on up to the nth order. The character 1, Fig. 1, is scanned in a horizontal raster by a C.R.T. 5 and the reflected light, received in photo-cell 7, provides signals f(t) representing the character as shown in Fig. 5. Since the speed of scanning is uniform the character may be considered as being represented by a series of fortyfive pulses i.e. a function of time. The f(t) signals are combined in pairs, triples &c. in an N-tuple generator 9 and the outputs applied to identification circuit 11. The N-tuples are extracted as shown in Figs. 28a, 28b, 28c, the photo-cell output being sampled at 45 points in the scan, to obtain the series shown in Fig. 5, and applied to a shift register 125. At each step the signals in the register stages are gated, in gates 127, with the incoming signal. This compares each position in the signal with each other position and black-black coincidences appear as output pulses which are counted by being integrated in integrators 151. The output from the 2-element combination gates are applied to further gates 129 also connected to stages of the shift-register, thereby obtaining 3- element combinations and so on. The coincidences are counted as before. The integrator outputs are D.C. voltages each representing a term in the first, second, --nth order autocorrelation functions. The first and second order functions are shown in Fig. 9 for the character "3". The first order terms are indicated along the bottom edge and again on the diagonal. Only half the table is shown since the other side is a mirror-image. The values in the table indicate the number of coincidences of the original signal train with both of points t 1 and t 2 which vary from 0 to 22. Shaded areas are points which are on the fringe of the pattern area and can be ignored. The integrator outputs after amplification at 153 are applied via resistors to certain ones of character leads SSR1-SSR0. The connections are designed so that an ideal character gives a maximum output on the corresponding lead. The lead signals are normalised for area of character by weighted resistors 157 and applied to a transistor circuit which determines the most positive signal. In this circuit each lead is connected to an N-P-N transistor with a common emitter lead. Current flows only in the transistor connected to the highest signal. The conducting transistor operates a relay and lights a lamp. In the form of Fig. 3 the integrator outputs are applied to circuits which derive "entropy" functions E1, E2, E3 (Fig. 9) which represent the "order" or "disorder" of the pattern sensed. The functions are represented by D.C. voltages and are applied through suitably weighted resistors to the character leads as before. In another form certain combinations only of the character positions are compared. These combinations may represent certain shape elements, e.g. a horizontal line. The combinations are stored on flip-flops and the outputs gated to identify the character. In another arrangement successive shape elements operate successive flipflops in recognition chains, one for each character. The first chain to be fully operated identifies the character. Seven shape elements may be specified by the combinations selected e.g. those shown in Fig. 34a. In a last embodiment the shape element signals are sampled at six instants during the scanning starting with the occurrence of the first shape element. The expected occurrences of the shape elements for the ten characters 0-9 is shown in Fig. 34c. The same pattern derived from the scanned character is entered with seven shiftregisters in similar form and gates are provided which compare particular pairs of positions in the same and different columns as the pattern is entered. Coincidences are added in an integrator and the voltages derived are compared after normalisation to obtain the highest. This identifies the character as before. Specification 982,989 is referred to.
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公开(公告)号：DE1181956B
公开(公告)日：1964-11-19
申请号：DEJ0020689
申请日：1961-10-21
Applicant: IBM
Inventor： HORWITZ LAWRENCE PAUL , JUN GLENMORE LORRAINE SHELTON
Abstract: 990,531. Automatic character reading. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION. May 30, 1962 [June 19, 1961], No. 20754/62. Heading G4R. In a character reading apparatus the character is scanned to derive signals representing black and white areas of the character, some or all of these signals being autocorrelated to provide a multiplicity of second signals representing at least parts of different autocorrelation orders of the character pattern and means are provided for identifying the scanned character from the second signals. A first order autocorrelation function gives the number of pairs of black areas separated by a given distance in a given direction over all possible distances and directions. The function is derived by comparing pairs of points having the same positional relationship all over the character pattern and counting all pairs where both are black. The counts may be tabulated for each positional relationship. A second order autocorrelation function comparisons are made between groups of three points and counting all triples where all three are black. The process may be repeated for any number of points in a group and the general case is considered of autocorrelation functions of first, second, and so on up to the nth order. The character 1, Fig. 1, is scanned in a horizontal raster by a C.R.T. 5 and the reflected light, received in photo-cell 7, provides signals f(t) representing the character as shown in Fig. 5. Since the speed of scanning is uniform the character may be considered as being represented by a series of fortyfive pulses i.e. a function of time. The f(t) signals are combined in pairs, triples &c. in an N-tuple generator 9 and the outputs applied to identification circuit 11. The N-tuples are extracted as shown in Figs. 28a, 28b, 28c, the photo-cell output being sampled at 45 points in the scan, to obtain the series shown in Fig. 5, and applied to a shift register 125. At each step the signals in the register stages are gated, in gates 127, with the incoming signal. This compares each position in the signal with each other position and black-black coincidences appear as output pulses which are counted by being integrated in integrators 151. The output from the 2-element combination gates are applied to further gates 129 also connected to stages of the shift-register, thereby obtaining 3- element combinations and so on. The coincidences are counted as before. The integrator outputs are D.C. voltages each representing a term in the first, second, --nth order autocorrelation functions. The first and second order functions are shown in Fig. 9 for the character "3". The first order terms are indicated along the bottom edge and again on the diagonal. Only half the table is shown since the other side is a mirror-image. The values in the table indicate the number of coincidences of the original signal train with both of points t 1 and t 2 which vary from 0 to 22. Shaded areas are points which are on the fringe of the pattern area and can be ignored. The integrator outputs after amplification at 153 are applied via resistors to certain ones of character leads SSR1-SSR0. The connections are designed so that an ideal character gives a maximum output on the corresponding lead. The lead signals are normalised for area of character by weighted resistors 157 and applied to a transistor circuit which determines the most positive signal. In this circuit each lead is connected to an N-P-N transistor with a common emitter lead. Current flows only in the transistor connected to the highest signal. The conducting transistor operates a relay and lights a lamp. In the form of Fig. 3 the integrator outputs are applied to circuits which derive "entropy" functions E1, E2, E3 (Fig. 9) which represent the "order" or "disorder" of the pattern sensed. The functions are represented by D.C. voltages and are applied through suitably weighted resistors to the character leads as before. In another form certain combinations only of the character positions are compared. These combinations may represent certain shape elements, e.g. a horizontal line. The combinations are stored on flip-flops and the outputs gated to identify the character. In another arrangement successive shape elements operate successive flipflops in recognition chains, one for each character. The first chain to be fully operated identifies the character. Seven shape elements may be specified by the combinations selected e.g. those shown in Fig. 34a. In a last embodiment the shape element signals are sampled at six instants during the scanning starting with the occurrence of the first shape element. The expected occurrences of the shape elements for the ten characters 0-9 is shown in Fig. 34c. The same pattern derived from the scanned character is entered with seven shiftregisters in similar form and gates are provided which compare particular pairs of positions in the same and different columns as the pattern is entered. Coincidences are added in an integrator and the voltages derived are compared after normalisation to obtain the highest. This identifies the character as before. Specification 982,989 is referred to.
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公开(公告)号：DE1221041B
公开(公告)日：1966-07-14
申请号：DEJ0021872
申请日：1962-06-01
Applicant: IBM
Inventor： REINES JOSE , HORWITZ LAWRENCE PAUL , JUN GLENMORE LORRAINE SHELTON
Abstract: 990,531. Automatic character reading. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION. May 30, 1962 [June 19, 1961], No. 20754/62. Heading G4R. In a character reading apparatus the character is scanned to derive signals representing black and white areas of the character, some or all of these signals being autocorrelated to provide a multiplicity of second signals representing at least parts of different autocorrelation orders of the character pattern and means are provided for identifying the scanned character from the second signals. A first order autocorrelation function gives the number of pairs of black areas separated by a given distance in a given direction over all possible distances and directions. The function is derived by comparing pairs of points having the same positional relationship all over the character pattern and counting all pairs where both are black. The counts may be tabulated for each positional relationship. A second order autocorrelation function comparisons are made between groups of three points and counting all triples where all three are black. The process may be repeated for any number of points in a group and the general case is considered of autocorrelation functions of first, second, and so on up to the nth order. The character 1, Fig. 1, is scanned in a horizontal raster by a C.R.T. 5 and the reflected light, received in photo-cell 7, provides signals f(t) representing the character as shown in Fig. 5. Since the speed of scanning is uniform the character may be considered as being represented by a series of fortyfive pulses i.e. a function of time. The f(t) signals are combined in pairs, triples &c. in an N-tuple generator 9 and the outputs applied to identification circuit 11. The N-tuples are extracted as shown in Figs. 28a, 28b, 28c, the photo-cell output being sampled at 45 points in the scan, to obtain the series shown in Fig. 5, and applied to a shift register 125. At each step the signals in the register stages are gated, in gates 127, with the incoming signal. This compares each position in the signal with each other position and black-black coincidences appear as output pulses which are counted by being integrated in integrators 151. The output from the 2-element combination gates are applied to further gates 129 also connected to stages of the shift-register, thereby obtaining 3- element combinations and so on. The coincidences are counted as before. The integrator outputs are D.C. voltages each representing a term in the first, second, --nth order autocorrelation functions. The first and second order functions are shown in Fig. 9 for the character "3". The first order terms are indicated along the bottom edge and again on the diagonal. Only half the table is shown since the other side is a mirror-image. The values in the table indicate the number of coincidences of the original signal train with both of points t 1 and t 2 which vary from 0 to 22. Shaded areas are points which are on the fringe of the pattern area and can be ignored. The integrator outputs after amplification at 153 are applied via resistors to certain ones of character leads SSR1-SSR0. The connections are designed so that an ideal character gives a maximum output on the corresponding lead. The lead signals are normalised for area of character by weighted resistors 157 and applied to a transistor circuit which determines the most positive signal. In this circuit each lead is connected to an N-P-N transistor with a common emitter lead. Current flows only in the transistor connected to the highest signal. The conducting transistor operates a relay and lights a lamp. In the form of Fig. 3 the integrator outputs are applied to circuits which derive "entropy" functions E1, E2, E3 (Fig. 9) which represent the "order" or "disorder" of the pattern sensed. The functions are represented by D.C. voltages and are applied through suitably weighted resistors to the character leads as before. In another form certain combinations only of the character positions are compared. These combinations may represent certain shape elements, e.g. a horizontal line. The combinations are stored on flip-flops and the outputs gated to identify the character. In another arrangement successive shape elements operate successive flipflops in recognition chains, one for each character. The first chain to be fully operated identifies the character. Seven shape elements may be specified by the combinations selected e.g. those shown in Fig. 34a. In a last embodiment the shape element signals are sampled at six instants during the scanning starting with the occurrence of the first shape element. The expected occurrences of the shape elements for the ten characters 0-9 is shown in Fig. 34c. The same pattern derived from the scanned character is entered with seven shiftregisters in similar form and gates are provided which compare particular pairs of positions in the same and different columns as the pattern is entered. Coincidences are added in an integrator and the voltages derived are compared after normalisation to obtain the highest. This identifies the character as before. Specification 982,989 is referred to.
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公开(公告)号：DE1209339B
公开(公告)日：1966-01-20
申请号：DEJ0020889
申请日：1961-11-25
Applicant: IBM
IPC: G06K9/80
Abstract: 989,494. Automatic character reading. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION. Dec. 19, 1961 [Dec. 19, 1960], No.45549/61. Heading G4R. In character recognition apparatus of the kind in which electrical representations of the character are compared with stored representations to provide signals on different leads for those characters for which the representations are different and on a signal lead for those characters for which the representations are identical or similar there is provided means for producing a signal, unique to each of the characters whose representations are identical, which is compared with store signals to produce a signal distinguishing these characters. The character 201 Fig. 1 is scanned to produce signals which are entered into two shift registers 243, 245. The pattern in one register remains stationary while that in the other is shifted to all possible positions and in each position the member of coincident "black" signal are counted at 257. This count is the autocorrelation function of the character. These functions are compared at 303 Fig. 2 with reference functions stored in registers 299 and the coincident bits summed at 327. The outputs of the accumulators 327 represent the match between the input functions and the associated stored function. The highest match signal is found in the maximum signal indicator 330 and a signal appears on one of the output leads. Since for characters such as "6" and "9" which differ only by orientation through 180 the autocorrelation functions are the same, there is a single lead for both these characters. They are distinguished by counting the number of black signals in the first two or three scans of the character. This is achieved by enabling an And gate 413 at a predetermined time after the first black scan to apply the value then in the counter 257 to comparison circuits 417. In the first cycle of the shift registers the counter compares the patterns both in the same position i.e. it counts the number of black bits in the successive scans. Stored values of expected counts are also applied to the comparators and an output is obtained on the "6" lead or the "9" lead. The trigger 405 is set correspondingly and the "6" gate 401 or the "9" gate 403 is opened to pass the ambiguous signal from the maximum signal indicator 330.
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