Abstract:
An electromagnetic resonant sensor (800) has a dielectric sensor body (802) through which electromagnetic wave energy is propagated. The sensor body (802) has a cavity, with surfaces facing one another to define a gap (810) that varies as a function of a parameter to be measured. The resonant frequency of an electromagnetic standing wave (814) in the body (802) and the variable gap (810) changes as a function of the gap dimension.
Abstract:
A tunable filter having a resonator with a resonant frequency dependent upon a variable gap is provided. The variable gap may be controllably altered by use of an actuator. The resonator is a high Q resonator that may be formed by a ring resonator, microsphere, microdisc, or other high Q optical structures. Actuation is preferably achieved through an electrostatic actuator that moves a dielectric plate relative to the resonator in response to measured values of gap and temperature.
Abstract:
An industrial process control transmitter (10) has a modular construction, with a detector module (16) and an output module (18) electrically connected together by a serial bus (20). The output module (18) includes a microcomputer (40), a modem (44) for digital communication over the two-wire loop, analog output circuitry (46) for controlling loop current, a digital-to-analog converter (48), and a memory (50) for storing calibration factors and D/A characterization factors. The detector module (16) includes several sensors (24, 28, 34) with associated circuitry (26, 32, 36) to convert the sensor signals to digital signals. The detector module (16) also includes a memory (38) which contains characterization factors unique to the sensors (24, 28, 34) which can be used by the microcomputer (40) to correct the digital values provided by the detector circuitry (26, 32, 36).
Abstract:
A two wire transmitter (10) controls loop current as a function of a sensed parameter such as pressure or temperature using analog sensing and signal processing circuitry. Corrections, such as for zero, span, and linearity are provided in the form of analog correction signals by a digital circuit which includes a nonvolatile memory (36), a microcomputer (32), and a digitial-to-analog (D/A) converter (26). The microprocessor (32) controls the D/A converter (26) as a function of stored digital correction values to produce the analog correction signals used by the analog signal processing circuitry to control the magnitude of the loop current flowing through the two wire transmitter (10).
Abstract:
An optical switch for routing optical signals between optical fibers is shown. Signals are guided internally in an optically transparent substrate (206) by buried waveguides that are directly coupled to the optical fibers. These waveguides form a 3-dimensional optical routing structure internal to the substrate. Signals are coupled between adjacent waveguides by total internal reflection (TIRI) at the internal reflection region (213). A moveable diffraction grating (208) is coupled to these optical signals at points of total internal reflection via evanescent coupling. This coupling causes a change in direction of the optical signal (202) and routes the signal to the desired waveguide (210). Known techniques can be used to form the waveguides (204, 210, 214) by writing them with a pulsed laser. Local heating causes a permanent increase in refractive index that forms a single mode waveguide structure. The resulting device has low losses and can be formed by low cost MEMs processes.
Abstract:
An optical switch formed of a holographic optical element (HOE) disposed above a top surface of a substrate and moveable relative thereto is shown. Light is traveling through the substrate under total internal reflection, which creates an evanescent field extending beyond the reflecting surfaces of the substrate. The HOE is characterized, in one embodiment, by being formed from a plurality of strips that are moveable between a first position in which the strips are above the evanescent field and a second position in which the strips are inside the evanescent field. In the first position, the light in the substrate propagates unaffected by the HOE in a primary direction of propagation. In the second position, the light in the substrate is altered by the HOE and made to propagate in a reflected direction oblique to that of the primary direction of propagation.
Abstract:
A pressure sensor (40) includes a diaphragm assembly (54A) with a pair of diaphragms (58A, 60A) joined together along a rim and having spaced apart centers to form a cavity (62A) between them. A pressure input (50A) applies a pressurized fluid to external surfaces of the diaphragms. The diaphragm assembly (54A) is connected to a mounting block along a tab (82A) leaving the remainder of the diaphragm (54A) free from solid mounting. Deflection of the diaphragm assembly (54A) is sensed and is related to applied pressure.
Abstract:
A digital transmitter (10) with an analog sensor (18) uses an integrating analog-to-digital (A/D) converter (20) to digitize the analog signal from the sensor (18). The A/D converter (20) produces a digital output which is a continuous, non-rezeroed integrated average of the analog signal, so that the integrated average of the digital output over time does not contain inherent quantization errors. A microcomputer system (22) digitally filters the signal from the A/D converter (20), and then uses the digitally filtered signal to produce the transmitter output signal. By varying the response time of the digital filter (22A), the response time and resolution of the transmitter (10) can be varied.
Abstract:
A transmitter provides an output that is indicative of pressure and has two modular transmitter bodies (20, 30), one (20) including a sensor (22), and the other (30) having an isolator diaphragm (32, 33) with a substantially non-compressible fluid that transfers movement of the isolator diaphragm (32, 33) to the sensor (22). The bodies each have mating passageways (36, 37, 40, 41) to transfer non-compressible fluid from one body (30) to the other (20) and are assembled together using a ring of extrusile material (48, 49) disposed around the mating portions of the passageways to seal the passageways together when the transmitter bodies (20, 30) are assembled. The isolation fluid is filled in the passageways before the first and second transmitter bodies (20, 30) are assembled. The assembly can be accomplished without complex procedures and still insure that accurate transmitter operation will be obtained.
Abstract:
An isolator apparatus (12) for coupling pressure from a pressurized fluid carried in a conduit (40) to a pressure sensor (10A) in a pressure transmitter (10) having an isolation diaphragm (24), isolation fluid (54), and a pressure sealing ring (62) for providing an annular seal around an active region (56) of the isolation diaphragm (24). The isolator apparatus (12) includes a rigid support (58) for spacing the pressure sealing ring (62) away from the active region which reduces pressure measurement errors related to temperature-induced isolation fluid expansion, such that the annular seal (62) overhangs the isolation diaphragm's (24) active region (56).