Abstract:
The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing aromatic hydrocarbons, which are suitable for the production of terephthalic acid, from tall oil-based raw material. According to the invention, the raw material that contains tall oil or its fraction is catalytically deoxygenated with hydrogen, and one or more aromatic hydrocarbons (A) that can be converted into terephthalic acid are separated from the deoxygenated reaction yield (10). The deoxygenation catalyst is preferably a NiMo catalyst and, in addition, a cracking catalyst can be used, such as an acidic zeolite catalyst. The separated hydrocarbon is preferably p-xylene, o-xylene or p-cymene. According to the invention, these can be converted by oxidation and, when needed, by a re-arrangement reaction into terephthalic acid that is suitable for the source material of the manufacture of bio-based polyethylene terephthalate.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to a method of deoxygenating tall oil pitch, yielding aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The invention even comprises turning the aliphates into polymerizable olefins by steam cracking, and turning the aromates into polymerizable terephthalic acid by oxygenation and, as necessary, rearrangement. The monomers can be used for the production of polymers of partially or completely biologic origin. According to the invention, tall oil pitch is first heated to turn it into liquid, which is then fed into a catalyst bed and catalytically deoxygenated with hydrogen. The deoxygenation catalyst is preferably a NiMo catalyst and, in addition, a cracking catalyst can be used, such as an acidic zeolite catalyst. The deoxygenated product stream is cooled down so as to obtain a liquid, which is distilled for separation of the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons for use in the production of the respective monomers and finally polymers.
Abstract:
The invention relates to a method for priming a substrate by contacting the substrate with a primer fed from a primer source and depositing the primer on the substrate. Compared to other priming methods, the claimed priming gives better results because the deposition is carried out electrostatically.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing modified cellulose fibers for a moidable cellulose fiber based material, said method comprising: a) providing a chemical or semi-chemical wood pulp comprising cellulose fibers, and optionally subjecting the pulp to alkaline extraction to obtain an alkaline extracted pulp; and b) subjecting the pulp or the alkaline extracted pulp of step a) to a chemical treatment with an alkaline solution and/or an organic solvent to obtain a treated pulp or treated alkaline extracted pulp comprising modified cellulose fibers for a moidable cellulose fiber based material. The invention further relates to a moidable cellulose fiber based material comprising at least 70% by dry weight of modified cellulose fibers obtainable by the method.
Abstract:
The invention relates to a method of deoxygenation of tall oil as well as methods for the production of aliphatic hydrocarbons and polymerizable monomers from tall oil. Sulphurous crude tall oil (5) together with hydrogen gas (6) is fed into a reactor (1) comprising a catalyst bed (2, 3). The oil is catalytically deoxygenated by hydrogen in the bed by use of a sulfided metal catalyst, e.g. a Ni-MoS catalyst. The flow exiting the reactor is cooled down and a hydrocarbon-bearing liquid phase (10) is separated from a gas phase (18), followed by subjecting the liquid phase to distillation (14) for removal of useless aromatic hydrocarbons and then to steam cracking (4) to form a product containing olefins such as ethylene or propylene. By regulation of the deoxygenation temperature to be at least 270°C but less than 360°C the yield is rich in linear and cyclic aliphates that usefully turn to olefins in the steam cracking, while formation of napthalenes is reduced.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to a process for the production of microfibrillated cellulose wherein the process comprises the steps of, providing a slurry comprising fibers, adding the slurry to an extruder, treating the slurry in the extruder so that the fibers are defibrillated and microfibrillated cellulose is formed. The invention further relates to a microfibrillated cellulose produced.
Abstract:
The invention relates to a process for treating cellulosic fibres which process comprises mechanically pre-treating the fibres followed by treating the fibres with an enzyme and thereafter mixing the fibres with a solution comprising an alkali metal hydroxide followed by mechanically treating the fibres to form microfibrillated cellulose. In this way it is possible to produce MFC in an improved and energy efficient way.
Abstract:
A method for producing polymerizable olefinic monomers, in particular for production of tall oil based biopolymers such as polyolefins. The method consists of bio oil, with a content of over 50% of fatty acids of tall oil and no more than 25% of resin acids of tall oil, and hydrogen gas are fed into a catalyst bed. The tall oil is catalytically deoxygenated and the flow exiting the bed are cooled and separated into a liquid and a gas phase. The liquid phase, containing hydrocarbons, is subjected to steam cracking to provide final product containing polymerizable olefins. The deoxygenation in the catalytic bed can be followed by a catalytic cracking within the same bed or, with a suitable catalyst, the deoxygenation and cracking can be done simultaneously.
Abstract:
The invention refers to a method for forming particles or droplets of at least one substance comprising the steps of providing a foamed medium, which foamed medium comprises said substance, and forming particles or droplets of said substance at least partly by electrostatic processing. The use of foamed medium in electrostatic processing enables higher production speeds and increases the evenness of a coating layer formed by electrospinning or electrospraying the particles or droplets on a substrate.
Abstract:
The invention concerns a method of manufacturing paper or board, the paper or board obtained by the method, and a method of producing a tray from the board. In a fibrous stock for papermaking is incorporated an amount of polymer coated fibrous particles, which even have a foaming agent such as moisture contained therein. A web is formed from the fibrous stock on a forming fabric of a paper or board machine, followed by pressing and drying to a finished paper or board. As the paper or board is sufficiently heated the foaming agent within the particles evaporates, causing expansion and foaming of the polymer coating, which adds to malleability of the board as it is moulded into a shaped article such as a board tray. The invention even covers production of doubly coated fibrous particles for use in said methods, the inner coating layer being of a foamable polymer with a higher melt flow rate and the outer coating layer being of a non-foaming polymer of a lower melt flow rate.