Abstract:
A diffraction grating (10') for use in multiplexing and demultiplexing optic al signals in optical communication systems having reduced polarization sensitivity has a plurality of reflective step surfaces (16') separated by a plurality of riser surfaces (18') defining grooves of the grating. The step surfaces (16') have a reflective coating (22') and the riser surfaces (18') do not have a conductive coating. A method of making a reflective diffraction grating includes forming a plurality of grooves in a substrate, the grooves having a reflective surface for reflecting an incident beam and non-reflecti ve surface and providing a reflective coating on the reflective surface and not on the non-reflective surface.
Abstract:
A method of monitoring combustion properties in an interior of a furnace is described. A beam of light is projected through a pitch optic including a pitch collimating lens residing outside the boiler interior. The pitch collimating lens projects the beam through a penetration into the boiler interior. The beam of light projected by the pitch collimating lens is reflected from at least one in-furnace retro-reflector, and received with a catch optic substantially identical to the pitch optic residing outside the boiler interior. The pitch optic and the catch optic may be embodied in the same pitch/catch optic. The pitch collimating lens may also be steered toward another of the at least one in-furnace retro-reflectors. Combustion properties may be calculated for each retro-reflector or based on retro-reflector zones within the furnace.
Abstract:
A method of monitoring combustion properties in an interior of a boiler of the type having walls comprising a plurality of parallel steam tubes separated by a metal membrane. First and second penetrations are provided in the metal membrane between adjacent tubes on opposite sides of the boiler. A beam of light is projected through a pitch optic comprising a pitch collimating lens and a pitch relay lens, both residing outside the boiler interior. The pitch relay lens projects the beam through a penetration into the boiler interior. The beam of light is received with a catch optic substantially identical to the pitch optic residing outside the boiler interior. The strength of the collimated received beam of light is determined. At least one of the pitch collimating lens and the catch collimating lens may then be aligned to maximize the strength of the collimated received beam.
Abstract:
A method of monitoring combustion properties in an interior of a boiler of the type having walls comprising a plurality of parallel steam tubes separated by a metal membrane. First and second penetrations are provided in the metal membrane between adjacent tubes on opposite sides of the boiler. A beam of light is projected through a pitch optic comprising a pitch collimating lens and a pitch relay lens, both residing outside the boiler interior. The pitch relay lens projects the beam through a penetration into the boiler interior. The beam of light is received with a catch optic substantially identical to the pitch optic residing outside the boiler interior. The strength of the collimated received beam of light is determined. At least one of the pitch collimating lens and the catch collimating lens may then be aligned to maximize the strength of the collimated received beam.
Abstract:
A method of absorption spectroscopy including obtaining absorption data at multiple wavelengths along more than one line-of-sight path through a quantity of gas of interest. The method further includes identifying more than one temperature and gas species concentration bin along the multiple line-of-sight paths and creating a map of temperature and gas species concentration. The map thus created will have at least two-dimensional information derived from select temperature and gas species concentration bins identified along more than one line-of-sight path. Apparatus for implementing the above method is also disclosed.
Abstract:
A dense wavelength multiplexer/demultiplexer ("DWDM") (10) for us in optical communication systems includes a multiplex optical waveguide (14) propagatin g a plurality of optical channels (.lambda.iest;1-n) of a select channel spaci ng multiplexed as a single optical signal within a select near infrared wavelength range. a collimating/focusing optic (18) is optically coupled to the multiplexed optical waveguide at a select focal length. A reflective echelle grating (20) is optically coupled to the collimating/focusing optic (18). The echelle grating (20) has a groove spacing (d) and blaze angle (.theta.b) providing a channel spacing (d) of the multiplexed optical signal (.lambda.l-n) at the select focal length for a select order of diffraction. A linear array of single channel waveguides (16), each propagating a single channel within the near infrared wavelength range is optically coupled to th e collimating/focusing optic. Each optical single channel waveguide (16) has a center and a propagating end and the propagating ends are spaced the focal length from the collimating/focusing optic and the centers of adjacent demultiplexed waveguides are spaced the select channel spacing (D). A fiber pigtail harness is used to connect the multiplexer which works in a Littrow configuration.
Abstract:
A (de)multiplexer (10) for use in optical communications systems for multiplexing and demultiplexing an optical signal includes a multiplex optical waveguide (14) propagating a plurality of optical channels and a plurality of single channel optical waveguides (16) each propagating a single channel. A diffraction grating (200) is optically coupled between the multiplex optical waveguide and the single channel optical waveguides for diffracting an optical signal between the receiving/transmitting end of the multiplex optical waveguide and the receiving/transmitting end of the single channel optical waveguide. The diffraction grating (200) has at least two surfaces (202, 204) optically coupled to the waveguides, each surface having a plurality of grooves (216) therein. Each of the surfaces is angularly displaced relative to one another a select amount such that a portion of the optical signal diffracted by each surface is offset the direction of dispersion relative to the portions of the optical signal diffracted by the other surfaces to broaden the transmission band at the receiving/transmitting ends of the single channel and multiplex optical waveguides.
Abstract:
Un método para medir una propiedad de combustión o propiedades de combustión dentro de una zona de combustión (12) de un motor de turbina de gas, la zona de combustión que se define entre una carcasa interior (16) y exterior (14), el método que comprende: a) transmitir un haz óptico a través de una primera fibra óptica (54) a un elemento de transmisión óptica (22) acoplada ópticamente a un puerto (24) en la carcasa exterior; b) transmitir el haz desde un elemento de transmisión óptica a través de la zona de combustión hacia una porción de la carcasa interior; caracterizado porque el método comprende además: c) recibir una porción del haz reflejado fuera de la porción de la carcasa interior con un elemento de recepción óptica (26) acoplado ópticamente a un puerto en la carcasa exterior; y d) transmitir la porción recibida del haz reflejado a través de una segunda fibra óptica (56) para interrelacionar la cantidad y la naturaleza del haz recibido con las propiedades de combustión dentro de la zona de combustión.
Abstract:
A method of sensing a process utilizing a sensing apparatus consisting of more than one diode laser having select lasing frequencies, a multiplexer optically coupled to the outputs of the diode lasers with the multiplexer being further optically coupled to a pitch side optical fiber. Multiplexed laser light is transmitted through the pitch side optical fiber to a pitch optic operatively associated with a process chamber which may be a combustion chamber or the boiler of a coal or gas fired power plant. The pitch optic is oriented to project multiplexed laser output through the process chamber. Also operatively oriented with the process chamber is a catch optic in optical communication with the pitch optic to receive the multiplexed laser output projected through the process chamber. The catch optic is optically coupled to an optical fiber which transmits the multiplexed laser output to a demultiplexer. The demultiplexer demultiplexes the laser light and optically couples the select lasing frequencies of light to a detector with the detector being sensitive to one of the select lasing frequencies.