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    Monochromator having a concave holographic grating
    11.
    发明授权
    Monochromator having a concave holographic grating 失效
    具有凹凸全息图的单色显影剂

    公开(公告)号：US4068954A

    公开(公告)日：1978-01-17

    申请号：US647767

    申请日：1976-01-09

    Applicant: Edouard Da Silva

    Inventor： Edouard Da Silva

    IPC: G01J3/18

    CPC classification number: G01J3/02 ,  G01J3/0243 ,  G01J3/1838 ,  G01J3/189

    Abstract: A monochromator having a concave holographic grating which is turnable in rotation and provided with an inlet slot parallel to the lines of the grating for incident light and an outlet slot also parallel to the lines of the grating, the inlet and outlet slots being disposed on opposite sides of a diametrial median plane P of the grating extending perpendicular to the lines of the grating and passing through the center of the grating. The bisector of the angle A, formed by two lines connecting the center of each slot to the center of the grating is contained in the plane P, the slots being additionally disposed such that the projection .alpha. of the angle A on the plane P is .ltoreq. 3.degree. and the projection .beta. of the angle A on the plane P' containing the bisector and perpendicular to the plane P is .ltoreq. 15.degree.. Two elementary monochromators can be connected in series and the gratings of the elementary monochromators are carried by a common rotation shaft, the image of the outlet slot of one elementary monochromator being sent to the inlet slot of the following monochromator by an optical system composed of planar mirrors, and a spherical mirror extending parallel to the gratings and turnable around an axis parallel to the axis of the shaft. SUFIELD OF THE INVENTIONThe invention relates to a monochromator having slots and a concave holographic grating, and more particularly, by way of example, to a monochromator adapted to the study of RAMAN spectrums. The invention is also related to apparatus realized by the coupling of a plurality of monochromators of this type.BACKGROUNDThere are known optical monochromators having a grating which for example have described on pages 78 to 81 in, "Applied Optics and Optical Engineering," by Robert J. Meltzer, edited in 1969 by Rudolf Kingslake. The grating monochromators at first utilized a planar grating which necessitated the use of a collimator and an objective. These optical auxiliary members introduce aberrations which generate errors and these have been remedied by the use of concave grating which eliminate the objective and the collimator. The concave gratings, usually engraved, are astigmatic and this deficiency has been recently overcome by the use of concave holographic gratings which reduce the aberrations, notably when they are utilized at optimum angles. These diffraction gratings are manufactured, in particular, by the SOCIETY INSTRUMENTS. S.A., at Longjumeau, France. This society has edited a technical brochure which discloses holographic gratings and the physics of diffraction gratings.These documents which well illustrate the current state of the art, show that in such known monochromators the inlet and outlet slots are disposed parallel to the lines of the grating and the center of each slot is in a diametral, median plane P of the surface of the grating. The diametal plane itself is perpendicular to the lines of the grating. FIG. 1 shows in very simplified manner this state of the art. Therein in frontal view there is seen a concave grating 31 whose diametral median plane P perpendicular to the lines of the grating, is represented by phantom line 32. The light to be analyzed is passed through the inlet slot 33, and the monochromatic light which is sought is isolated by the outlet slot 34. It is seen that the slots 33 and 34 are each symetrically disposed with respect to the plane P, and the lateral spacing between these slots is relatively substantial. The inlet and outlet slots are fixed and the grating is turnably mounted to selectively make the outlet slot face the portion of the spectrum that one wishes to utilize. It can, therefore, frequently occur unexpectedly that a portion of the spectrum spreads itself to the zone of the inlet slot, thus introducing parasitic light into the system. This disadvantage is not very serious for monochromators operating with sources of relatively great luminosity, but in contrast it becomes a very substantial disadvantage when one operates with RAMAN spectrums. The very low intensities of these rays requires the elimination of all parasitic light and it is also for this reason that monochromators having concave, holographic gratings are utilized which operate under good conditions without the ue of auxiliary optical elements for collimation and for focusing.It is also known in the case of conventional monochromators of the type of FIG. 1 that with a relatively substantial angle of deviation between the mean incident ray passing through the center of the slot and the peak of the grating, and the mean diffracted ray issuing from the peak of the grating and passing through the center of the outlet slot that the quality of the formed spectral image is a maximum in the vicinity of the diametral plane. Similarly, the quality of the spectral image is best if the entry slot only extends slightly on opposite sides of the median plane. For a good quality of image, one seeks, therefore, generally, to utilize inlet and outlet slots of short lengths. This is not a disadavantage when the luminosity is great, but for the study of RAMAN spectrums, having low energy, one is obliged to utilize relatively long slots and the images of the extremities present aberrations resulting in a loss of resolution of the apparatus.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONAn object of the present invention is to provide a monochromator which simultaneously permits the use of long slots with good image qualities and avoids the introduction of parasitic light due to the spreading out of the spectrum to the inlet slot.According to the invention, in a monochromator having a concave, holographic grating orientable in rotation and provided with an inlet slot parallel to the lines of the grating for the incident light, and an outlet slot also parallel to the lines of the grating, the inlet and outlet slots are each disposed entirely on opposite sides of the median. diametral plane P of the grating extending perpendicualr to the lines of the grating and passing through the peak or center of the grating, the bisector of the angle A, formed by lines connecting the center of each slot to the peak of the grating being contained in the plane P, the slots being additionally disposed such that the projection .alpha. of the angle A, on the plane P is .ltoreq. 3.degree. and the projection .beta. of the angle A on the plane P' passing through the bisector and perpendicular to the plane P is .ltoreq.15.degree..

    Abstract translation: G。

    Grating monochromators and spectrometers based on surface normal rotation
    16.
    发明授权
    Grating monochromators and spectrometers based on surface normal rotation 失效
    基于表面正常旋转的光栅单色仪和光谱仪

    公开(公告)号：US5274435A

    公开(公告)日：1993-12-28

    申请号：US841421

    申请日：1992-02-26

    Applicant: Michael C. Hettrick

    Inventor： Michael C. Hettrick

    IPC: G01J3/18 ,  G01J3/20 ,  G02B5/18 ,  G21K1/06

    CPC classification number: G02B5/1861 ,  G01J3/18 ,  G01J3/189 ,  G01J3/20 ,  G21K1/06 ,  G21K2201/06 ,  G21K2201/064

    Abstract: An optical system and method comprising a diffraction grating which rotates about its surface normal to change the magnitude of the wavelength diffracted to an image location. At grazing incidence, such a rotation is determined to maintain the diffracted image in focus over a wide range in scanned wavelength. Monochromator and spectrometer embodiments include plane and curved surface gratings with both classical and varied-spaced groove patterns, and a variety of illumination geometries. In the simplest case, a grazing incidence monochromator is constructed in which a self-focusing classical spherical grating scans the value in wavelength which is transmitted between fixed slits located on the Rowland circle of the grating. The diffracted image remains in perfect focus over two octaves in wavelength at high efficiency, with both entrance and exit slits fixed in position, and the radiation aperture is constant.

    Abstract translation: 一种光学系统和方法，包括围绕其表面法线旋转的衍射光栅，以将衍射的波长的大小改变为图像位置。 在掠入射处，确定这样的旋转以使衍射图像在扫描波长的宽范围内保持焦点。 单色器和光谱仪实施例包括具有经典和不同间隔的凹槽图案的平面和曲面光栅以及各种照明几何形状。 在最简单的情况下，构建了掠入射单色仪，其中自聚焦经典球形光栅扫描位于光栅的罗兰圆上的固定狭缝之间传输的波长值。 衍射图像以高效率保持在两个八度波长上的完美对焦，入射和出射狭缝均固定在适当位置，辐射孔径恒定。

    Plane diffraction grating based on surface normal rotation and its application to an optical system
    18.
    发明授权
    Plane diffraction grating based on surface normal rotation and its application to an optical system 失效
    基于表面正转的平面衍射光栅及其在光学系统中的应用

    公开(公告)号：US06844973B1

    公开(公告)日：2005-01-18

    申请号：US09642883

    申请日：2000-08-22

    Applicant: Masato Koike ,  Kazuo Sano ,  Yoshihisa Harada

    Inventor： Masato Koike ,  Kazuo Sano ,  Yoshihisa Harada

    IPC: G01J3/06 ,  G01J3/18 ,  G02B5/18

    CPC classification number: G01J3/1804 ,  G01J3/06 ,  G01J3/189 ,  G02B5/1828

    Abstract: A plane diffraction grating based on surface normal rotation according to the present invention is designed so that the profile of the grooves at a radial area is determined depending on a rotational position of the area about a rotational center defined as a foot of the rotational axis on the surface of the plane diffraction grating. An optical system such as a spectrometer or a monochromator according to the present invention uses such a plane diffraction grating, and requires a special arrangement. The optical system includes: a plane diffraction grating as described above; a mechanism for rotating the plane diffraction grating about the rotational axis; an incidence optical system for casting a converging beam of light on a point of the surface of the plane diffraction grating, where the point is set apart from the rotational center. As the diffraction grating is rotated about the rotational center, the point on which the incident converging beam of light is cast rotates about the rotation center, where the diffracting condition is optimized anywhere around the rotational center or for any scanning wavelength. The surface of the plane diffraction grating can be covered with a multiple-layer coating to improve diffraction efficiency. When such a multiple-layer is coated, the unit thickness of the multiple-layer coating at an area is also determined depending on the rotational position of the area about the rotational center.

    Abstract translation: 根据本发明的基于表面正转的平面衍射光栅被设计成使得在径向区域处的凹槽的轮廓根据围绕旋转中心的旋转中心的旋转中心的旋转位置来确定 平面衍射光栅的表面。 根据本发明的诸如光谱仪或单色仪的光学系统使用这种平面衍射光栅，并且需要特殊的布置。 光学系统包括：如上所述的平面衍射光栅; 用于使平面衍射光栅围绕旋转轴线旋转的机构; 用于在平面衍射光栅的表面的点上投射会聚光束的入射光学系统，其中点与旋转中心分开。 当衍射光栅围绕旋转中心旋转时，入射的会聚光束投射的点围绕旋转中心旋转，其中衍射条件在旋转中心附近或任何扫描波长的任何地方被优化。 平面衍射光栅的表面可以用多层涂层覆盖，以提高衍射效率。 当这种多层被涂覆时，一个区域的多层涂层的单位厚度也取决于围绕旋转中心的区域的旋转位置来确定。

    Diffraction-grating photopolarimeters and spectrophotopolarimeters
    19.
    发明授权
    Diffraction-grating photopolarimeters and spectrophotopolarimeters 失效
    衍射光栅光电倍增管和分光光度计

    公开(公告)号：US5337146A

    公开(公告)日：1994-08-09

    申请号：US859817

    申请日：1992-03-30

    Applicant: Rasheed M. A. Azzam

    Inventor： Rasheed M. A. Azzam

    IPC: G01J4/00 ,  G02B5/18 ,  G02B27/44

    CPC classification number: G02B27/4244 ,  G01J3/189 ,  G01J4/00 ,  G02B27/4261 ,  G02B5/1809

    Abstract: A division-of-amplitude photopolarimeter based on conical grating diffraction includes a diffraction grating and at least four photodetectors. An incident light beam is directed at the grating at an oblique incidence angle .PHI. and the grating grooves are inclined at an arbitrary angle .alpha. with respect to the plane of incidence. Each of the photodetectors is positioned to intercept one of the diffracted orders and may be an area array detector if spectropolarimetry use is desired. Polarizing means may be inserted in the paths of one or more of the diffracted orders. A division-of-amplitude photopolarimeter based on planar grating diffraction includes a diffraction grating and at least four photodetectors; the grating is placed in the conventional spectrometer orientation with its grating grooves perpendicular to the plane of incidence. Each of the photodetectors is positioned to intercept one of the diffracted orders, all of which lie in the plane of incidence and may be a linear array detector if spectropolarimetry use is desired. Polarizers are inserted in the paths of at least two of the diffracted orders between the grating and the detectors.

    Abstract translation: 基于锥形光栅衍射的分频光偏振计包括衍射光栅和至少四个光电检测器。 入射光束以斜入射角PHI指向光栅，并且光栅槽相对于入射平面以任意的角度α倾斜。 每个光电检测器被定位成截取一个衍射级，并且如果需要使用分光偏光法，则可以是区域阵列检测器。 极化装置可以插入到一个或多个衍射级的路径中。 基于平面光栅衍射的分频光偏振计包括衍射光栅和至少四个光电检测器; 光栅放置在常规的光谱仪取向中，其光栅槽垂直于入射平面。 每个光电检测器被定位成截取一个衍射级，所有衍射级都位于入射平面中，并且如果需要使用分光偏光法，则可以是线性阵列检测器。 偏振器被插入在光栅和检测器之间的至少两个衍射级的路径中。

    Monochromators
    20.
    发明授权
    Monochromators 失效
    单色器

    公开(公告)号：US4241999A

    公开(公告)日：1980-12-30

    申请号：US936592

    申请日：1978-08-24

    Applicant: Michel Pouey

    Inventor： Michel Pouey

    IPC: G01J3/18

    CPC classification number: G01J3/1838 ,  G01J3/189

    Abstract: Various vacuum ultraviolet monochromators embodying a rotatable diffraction grating and fixed entrance and exit slits, and working at a predetermined magnification are disclosed which provide improved optical performances by a correction of the odd terms of the wavefront aberration. In one group of instruments the fixed angle 2.theta. between the entrance and the exit beams is 90.degree. and the magnification 1. In another group, grazing incidence instruments are considered, 2.theta. being equal to 166.degree..

    Abstract translation: 公开了具有可旋转衍射光栅和固定的入口和出口狭缝的各种真空紫外单色仪，并且以预定的倍率工作，其通过校正波前像差的奇数项来提供改进的光学性能。 在一组仪器中，入射光束和出射光束之间的固定角度2θ为90°，放大倍率为1。另一组中，考虑放射入射仪器，2θ等于166°。

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