Abstract:
The invention relates to an electron beam exposure apparatus for transferring a pattern onto the surface of a target (14), comprising: a beamlet generator for generating a plurality of electron beamlets (5a, 5b); a modulation array for receiving said plurality of electron beamlets, comprising a plurality of modulators for modulating the intensity of an electron beamlet; a controller, connected to the modulation array for individually controlling the modulators, an adjustor, operationally connected to each modulator, for individually adjusting the control signal of each modulator; a focusing electron optical system comprising an array of electrostatic lenses (7) wherein each lens focuses a corresponding individual beamlet, which is transmitted by said modulation array, to a cross section smaller than 300 nm, and a target holder for holding a target with its exposure surface onto which the pattern is to be transferred in the first focal plane of the focusing electron optical system.
Abstract:
An emitter device (10) including a focusing array (20) with plural focusing columns (24) to focus emissions from one or more emitters (28) onto a target medium. Relative movement between the target medium and the focused emissions allows each focusing column to focus emissions over an area of the target medium encompassing the movement range. In a preferred embodiment, separate emitter, focusing array and target medium chips are used. The focusing array may be moveable, or in a particularly preferred embodiment, is affixed to the emitter chip, in which case the target medium chip is movable or the focusing array includes beam direction control.
Abstract:
The present invention comprises cyclotron display devices similar to cathode ray tubes (CRTs) in which the CRT electron gun is replaced by one or more cyclotrons that produce electrons using lower voltages and energy costs than a CRT electron gun does. This can be done both with monochrome and color displays, as disclosed. In addition, the electrons emerge from the cyclotron with adequate velocity, thus obviating the need for accelerating electrodes. The need for electron focusing is also greatly reduced, or eliminated, since the electrons emerge from the cyclotrons as beams, rather than as diffuse clouds. The cyclotron display assembly can be made to be significantly shorter than the conventional electron gun CRT. In addition, an array of cyclotrons, rather than just a single one, can be used, so that each cyclotron maps to a fractional portion of the video screen. This further shortens the length of the cyclotron display.
Abstract:
Eine vorteilhafte abstimmbare elektromagnetische Strahlungsquelle umfaßt
eine Elektronenquelle zur Erzeugung beschleunigter Elektronen, welche als relativistischer, Elektronenstrahl austreten, ein sich mit seiner Achse parallel zur Längsrichtung erstreckendes Driftrohr, für den Elektronenstrahl, welches der Elektronenstrahl durchsetzt und welches als Wellenleiter für elektromagnetische Strahlung im Gigahertz- und Terahertz-Bereich ausgebildet ist, ein longitudinales magnetisches Führungsfeld, welches das Driftrohr durchsetzt und sich parallel zur Längsrichtung erstreckt, einen das Driftrohr umgebenden und eine Periodizität in der Größenordnung der Wellenlänge der Strahlung aufweisenden Microundulator, mit welchem ein zur Längsrichtung transversales Magnetfeld erzeugbar ist und welcher mit dem magnetischen Führungsfeld nahe Magnetoresonanz arbeitet, und mit einer Steuereinrichtung zur Steuerung der Energie des Elektronenstrahls und zur Steuerung der Feldstärke des Führungsfeldes.
Abstract:
A data storage device including a substrate, a data storage layer on the substrate, and a spin-polarized electron source. The data storage layer comprises a fixed number of atomic layers of a magnetic material which provide the data storage layer with a magnetic anisotropy perpendicular to a surface of the data storage layer. A data magnetic field is created in the data storage layer. The data magnetic field is polarized either in a first direction corresponding to a first data value or in a second direction corresponding to a second data value. Data is stored in the data storage layer by providing a spin-polarized electron having an electron magnetic field with a direction of polarization corresponding to one of the first and the second data values, the electron having a wavelength 'characteristic' of unpaired electrons in the data storage layer which cause the magnetic moment of the material, and directing the spin-polarized electron at the data magnetic field to impart the direction of polarization of the electron magnetic field to the data magnetic field. Data is read from the data storage layer by directing the spin-polarized electron at a second wavelength at the data magnetic field and detecting a deflection or attraction of the spin-polarized electron by the data magnetic field. Alternatively, data is read from the data storage layer by directing the spin-polarized electron at the data magnetic field so that the magnetic medium produces a secondary electron and then detecting certain characteristics of the secondary electron.
Abstract:
A solenoïd magnetic field generating part (5) is arranged along an electron beam (0) of an electron beam unit, and a high-frequency resonator (4) for inducing cyclotron maser is provided in this part (5). High-frequency waves for inducing cyclotron maser are projected from the high-frequency resonator (4) in the same direction as, or opposite to, the travelling direction of the electron beam (0) to adjust the emittance of the electron beam (0) and to generate a high-intensity beam.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to a marked paper product comprising a sheet comprising a cellulosic or lignocellulosic fibrous paper material, wherein the cellulosic or lignocellulosic fibrous material of an irradiated discrete, predefined portion of the sheet contains functional groups or a number thereof not present in the sheet prior to irradiation or in a non-irradiated portion of the cellulosic or lignocellulosic fibrous paper material wherein the irradiated discrete portion of the sheet has been irradiated with a dose of ionizing radiation of at least 0.10 MRad sufficient to functionalize the cellulose or lignocellulose with said functional groups.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to a marked paper product comprising a sheet comprising a cellulosic or lignocellulosic fibrous paper material, wherein the cellulosic or lignocellulosic fibrous material of an irradiated discrete, predefined portion of the sheet contains functional groups or a number thereof not present in the sheet prior to irradiation or in a non-irradiated portion of the cellulosic or lignocellulosic fibrous paper material wherein the irradiated discrete portion of the sheet has been irradiated with a dose of ionizing radiation of at least 0.10 MRad sufficient to functionalize the cellulose or lignocellulose with said functional groups.