Abstract:
Emissions of pollutants from diesel engines are reduced by a combination of mechanical devices and fuel additives. In one series of embodiments, diesel emissions of NOx and particulates are reduced, simultaneously with gaseous hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, by the combined use of exhaust gas recirculation or engine timing modification, with a particulate trap and a platinum group metal catalyst composition. In another embodiment, a multi-metal catalyst composition, comprising a combination of a platinum metal catalyst composition and at least one auxiliary catalyst metal composition, especially cerium or copper, is employed to provide catalyst metal to the exhaust system including a diesel trap to lower the balance point of the particulate trap (the temperature at which the rate of trap loading equals the rate of regeneration) while also lowering the emissions of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. Data for platinum, copper and cerium catalysts establishes effective amounts. Tests also show selective maintenance of low oxidation of SO2 to SO3.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to an adduct of a hydrocarbon and a vicinal polycarbonyl compound, the adduct having a value of n greater than 1, wherein n is the average number of vicinal polycarbonyl compounds incorporated per adduct chain. The hydrocarbon is typically a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon polymer with an Mn value ranging from about 200 to about 10 million. The hydrocarbon optionally contains polar substituents. The VP compound is cyclic or acyclic. The adduct is an ene adduct or a radical adduct. The adduct can be further reacted with a reagent to obtain a product, wherein the reagent is selected from the group consisting of nucleophiles, electrophiles, metal salts and metal complexes. The reagent can be selected from (i) nucleophiles selected from the group consisting of amines, hydrazines, hydrazine derivatives, alcohols, water, polyamines, polyols, amino alcohols, amino thiols; (ii) electrophiles selected from the group consisting of carboxy anhydrides, carboxy esters, borate esters, phosphite and phosphate esters; (iii) metal salts containing metal ions selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and transition metals; and (iv) metal complexes containing metal ions selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and transition metals. The product obtained from the above-described adduct can be post-treated with an electrophilic reagent such as a borating, acylating or thio acid reagent, or a metal ion to obtain a post-product. The present invention further relates to oleaginous compositions comprising a major amount of an oleaginous substance selected from fuels and oils and a minor amount of the product, the post-product or the adduct per se with n > 1, as described above. The present invention also includes oleaginous compositions comprising a major amount of an oleaginous substance selected from fuels and oils and a minor amount of an adduct having n = 1, the adduct optionally reacted with a reagent selected from nucleophiles, electrophiles, metal salts and metal complexes.
Abstract:
In the method described, aspirated air is fed into at least one combustion chamber and the air is mixed with fuel to form a fuel/air mixture, the energy necessary to operate the engine being produced by burning the fuel/air mixture in the combustion chamber at predetermined intervals and the gases produced by the combustion being exhausted from the combustion chamber. The method is characterized in that compounds with an open or closed clathrate structure, preferably fullerenes, fullerene derivatives, fullerites, heterofullerenes, heterofullerene derivatives, fullerene fragments and/or heterofullerene fragments, are added to the aspirated air and/or fuel/air mixture and/or exhaust gas. A method of this kind gives a low fuel comsumption and reduces pollutant emission.
Abstract:
Manganese and copper-containing compositions comprising: (A) a manganese containing compound and (B) a copper containing compound, wherein said composition contains from about 0.05 up to about 23g-atoms of manganese for each g-atom of copper in said composition. Also disclosed are fuel compositions and additive concentrates containing said manganese and copper-containing compositions. Additionally, disclosed is a method for reducing ignition temperature of exhaust particulate from diesel engines which comprises operating said engine using the above-described fuel compositions.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to the field of processing hydrocarbons which causes corrosion in the metal surfaces of processing units. The invention addresses the technical problem of high temperature naphthenic acid corrosion and sulphur corrosion and provides a solution to inhibit these types of corrosion. The three combination compositions are formed by two mixtures separately, with one mixture obtained by mixing compound A, which is obtained by reacting high reactive polyisobutylene (HRPIB) with phosphorous pentasulphide in presence of catalytic amount of sulphur with compound B which is thiophosphorous compound such as phosphorous thioacid ester of Formula 1 and second mixture obtained by mixing compound A with compound C of Formula 2 which is obtained by reacting compound B with ethylene oxide, wherein each of these two mixtures independently provide high corrosion inhibition efficiency in case of high temperature naphthenic acid corrosion inhibition and sulphur corrosion inhibition. The invention is useful in all hydrocarbon processing units, such as, refineries, distillation columns and other petrochemical industries.