Abstract:
Method for dyeing a layer of a nanocrystalline material on a substrate using a liquid dye, comprising the successive steps of (i) providing said layer on a substrate, (ii) providing an apparatus for dyeing said layer, which apparatus comprises at least a supply container for the liquid dye, a closable substrate holder provided with at least one inlet and at least one outlet for a substrate provided with a layer of nanocrystalline material, and conduit and circulation means for causing the liquid dye to circulate through the supply container and the substrate holder, (iii) placing the substrate with said layer in the substrate holder and closing the substrate holder, and providing a liquid dye in the supply container, and (iv) causing the liquid dye from the supply container to circulate for a determined time through the substrate holder, and apparatus for performing this method.
Abstract:
Apparatus for separating of fluid mixtures. A number of tubular membranes are arranged parallel to each other. Each of the membranes has an inner lumen and the flow direction is from the exterior of the membrane to the inner lumen. Each tube is surrounded by a larger diameter feed tube and a gap is formed between the outside service of the tubular membrane and the inside service of the feed tube. This annulus provides a feed flow channel for the fluid mixture along the outer surface of the tubular membrane. The annulus has a first and second end each being connecting with means for entrance and discharge respectively of the feed flow and with means to direct the feed flow through the channels. The inner lumen of the tubular membranes are sealed from the annular gap and provided with a connection for the discharge of the permeate flow.
Abstract:
Low-temperature fuel cell assembly consisting of a low-temperature fuel cell (1) in combination with a sweeping gas circuit (2) for at least the anode part thereof. The fuel gas is prepared by filtering via a semi-permeable wall (5) and the yield from this process is increased by employing sweeping gas. This sweeping gas is obtained by producing it in the sweeping gas circuit (2). During operation some of the sweeping gas is continuously discharged and fresh sweeping gas is continuously produced. With this arrangement it is possible to use hydrogen as fuel gas. Sweeping gas is obtained by injecting air (8) and combusting (9) the oxygen contained therein with hydrogen. It is also possible to perform a methanisation reaction starting from hydrogen as fuel gas, by providing CO/CO2, as a result of which the sweeping gas is methane.
Abstract:
Fuel cell stack comprising at least two fuel cells which are separated by a separator plate. It is proposed for the cathodic gas-distribution element adjoining the separator plate to be attached to the said separator plate by welding, thus ensuring a good mechanical connection and an optimum passage of current. To minimize corrosion problems, the steel separator plate is alloyed with 4-11 % by weight aluminium and more particularly approximately 6 % by weight aluminium. Moreover, the separator plate is made from a steel which is preferably alloyed with 8-25 % by weight chromium.
Abstract:
Disclosed is a microporous organic-inorganic hybrid silica membrane, supported by a mesoporous or macroporous layer. The microporous membrane has an average pore diameter of less than 1.5 nm. The silica contains moieties having divalent, trivalent or tetravalent organic groups between the silicon atoms of the following formulas: (see formula I, see formula VII, see formula VIII ) respectively, in which: m = 1 - 8; n = 2m, 2m-2, 2m-4, 2m-6, or 2m-8, provided that n >= 2; p = 0, 1, 2 or 3, and between 75 and 100% of the silicon atoms of the silica are bound to a carbon atom of organic groups. Also disclosed is a process for their preparation.