公开(公告)号：DE59510897D1

公开(公告)日：2004-06-03

申请号：DE59510897

申请日：1995-06-27

Applicant: BASF AG

Inventor： WARZELHAN VOLKER ,  SCHORNICK GUNNAR ,  BRUCHMANN BERND ,  SEELIGER URSULA ,  YAMAMOTO MOTONORI ,  BAUER PETER

IPC: C08L3/00 ,  A01G13/02 ,  C08G18/42 ,  C08G18/46 ,  C08G18/66 ,  C08G63/00 ,  C08G63/183 ,  C08G63/20 ,  C08G63/60 ,  C08G63/688 ,  C08G63/91 ,  C08L3/02 ,  C08L67/02 ,  C08L75/06 ,  C08L101/16 ,  C09D167/00 ,  C09K17/52

Abstract: The following are claimed: (A) biodegradable polyester P1, preparable by reaction of a mixt. comprising: (a1) a mixt. comprising: (a11) 35-95 mol.% of adipic acid and/or one or more ester-forming derivs. of this, (a12) 5-65 mol.% of terephthalic acid and/or one or more ester-forming derivs. of this, and (a13) 0-5 mol.% of a cpd. contg. sulphonate gps., the total of mol.% in (a11)-(a13) being 100 mol.%; and (a2) a dihydroxy cpd. selected from 2-6C alkane-diols and 5-10C cycloalkane-diols. The molar ratio of (a1) to (a2) is 0.4-1.5:1. In addn., 0.01-5 mol.% (based on the molar amt. of component (a1)) of a cpd. D, which comprises at least three gps. capable of forming ester gps., are also used for prodn. of polyester P1. Polyester P1 has (a) a mol.wt. (Mn) of 5000-50000 g/mol; (b) a viscosity no. of 30-350 g/ml (measured in o-dichlorobenzene/phenol (wt. ratio 50/50) at 25 degrees C and a P1 concn. of 0.5 wt.%); and (c) a m.pt. of 50-170 degrees C. (B) biodegradable polyester P2, preparable by reaction of a mixt. comprising: (b1) mixt. comprising: (b11) 20-95 mol.% of adipic acid and/or one or more ester-forming deriv. of this, (b12) 5-80 mol.% of terephthalic acid and/or one or more ester- forming deriv. of this, and (b13) 0-5 mol.% of a cpd. contg. sulphonate gps., the total of mol.% in (b11)-(b13) being 100 mol.%; (b2) a dihydroxy cpd. as (a2) above; (b3) 0.01-100 wt.% (based on the amt. of component (b1) of a hydroxycarboxylic acid B1 which is of formula (Ia) or (Ib); and (b4) 0-5 mol.% (based on the amt. of component (b1)) of a cpd. D. The molar ratio of (b1) to (b2) is 0.4-1.25:1. Polyester P2 has (a) a mol.wt. (Mn) of 5000-80000 g/mol; (b) a viscosity no. of 30 - 450 g/ml (measured in o-dichlorobenzene/phenol (wt. ratio 50/50) at 25 degrees C and a P2 concn. of 0.5 wt.%); and (c) a m.pt. of 50-235 degrees C. p = a whole no. from 1-1500; r = a whole no. from 1-4; G = phenylene, (CH2)k, C(R)H and C(R)HCH2; k = 1-5; R = Me or Et. (C) biodegradable polyester Q1 which have: (a) a mol.wt. (Mn) of 5000-100000 g/mol; (b) a viscosity no. of 30-450 g/ml (measured in o-dichlorobenzene/phenol (wt. ratio 50/50) at 25 degrees C and a Q1 concn. of 0.5 wt.%); and (c) a m.pt. of 50-235 degrees C. Q1 are obtained by reaction of a mixt. comprising; (c1) polyester P1 and/or a polyester PWD; (c2) 0.01-50 wt.% (based on (c1)) of a hydroxycarboxylic acid B1; and (c3) 0-5 mol.% (based on the amt. of component (a1) used in prodn. of P1 and/or PWD) of a cpd. D. Polyester PWD is obtainable by reaction of components (a1) and (a2) in a molar ratio of (a1) to (a2) of 0.4-1.5:1. Polyester PWD have: (a) a mol.wt. (Mn) of 5000 - 50000 g/mol; (b) a viscosity no. of 30 - 350 g/ml (measured in o-dichlorobenzene/phenol (wt. ratio 50/50) at 25 degrees C and a PWD concn. of 0.5 wt.%); and (c) a m.pt. of 50-170 degrees C. (D) biodegradable polyesters Q2 which have: (a) a mol.wt. (Mn) of 6000 - 60000 g/mol; (b) a viscosity no. of 30-350 g/ml (measured in o-dichlorobenzene/phenol (wt. ratio 50/50) at 25 degrees C and a Q2 concn. of 0.5 wt.%); and (c) a m.pt. of 50-170 degrees C. Q2 are obtained by reaction of a mixt. comprising: (d1) 95-99.9 wt.% of polyester P1 and/or PWD; and (d2) 0.1-50 wt.% of a diisocyanate C1; and (d3) 0-5 mol.% (based on the amt. of component (a1) used in prodn. of P1 and/or PWD) of a cpd. D. (E) biodegradable polymers T1 which have: (a) a mol.wt. (Mn) of 10000 - 100000 g/mol; (b) a viscosity no. of 30-450 g/ml (measured in o-dichlorobenzene/phenol (wt. ratio 50/50) at 25 degrees C and a T1 concn. of 0.5 wt.%); and (c) a m.pt. of 50-235 degrees C. T1 are obtd. by reaction of polyester Q1 with (e1) 0.1-5 wt.% (based on the amt. of Q1) of diisocyanate C1 and (e2) 0-5 mol.% (based on the amt. of component (a1) used in prodn. of Q1 via the polyester P1 and/or PWD) of a cpd. D. (F) biodegradable polymers T2 which have: (a) a mol.wt. (Mn) of 10000 - 100000 g/mol/. (b) a viscosity no. of 30-450 g/ml (measured in o-dichlorobenzene/phenol (wt. ratio 50/50) at 25 degrees C and a T2 concn. of 0.5 wt.%); and (c) a m.pt. of 50-235 degrees C. T2 are obtained by reaction of polyester Q2 with (f1) 0.01-50 wt.% (based on the amt. of Q2) of hydroxycarboxylic acid B1 and (f2) 0-5 mol.% (based on the amt. of component (a1) used in prodn. of Q2 via the polyester P1 and/or PWD) of a cpd

公开(公告)号：NO315204B1

公开(公告)日：2003-07-28

申请号：NO973766

申请日：1997-08-15

Applicant: BASF AG

Inventor： WARZELHAN VOLKER ,  PIPPER GUENTER ,  SEELIGER URSULA ,  BAUER PETER ,  BEIMBORN DIETER B ,  YAMAMOTO MOTONORI

IPC: C08G63/60 ,  C08G63/66 ,  C08G63/672 ,  C08G63/91 ,  C08J9/04 ,  C08L3/00 ,  C08L67/00 ,  C08L101/16 ,  C09J167/00 ,  D21H19/28 ,  C08G63/20

Abstract: PCT No. PCT/EP96/00458 Sec. 371 Date Aug. 14, 1997 Sec. 102(e) Date Aug. 14, 1997 PCT Filed Feb. 3, 1996 PCT Pub. No. WO96/25448 PCT Pub. Date Aug. 22, 1996Biodegradable polymers comprising a polyether ester P1 obtained by reacting a first mixture of 20-95 mol% of adipic acid or ester-forming derivatives thereof or mixtures thereof, 5-80 mol% of terephthalic acid or ester-forming derivatives thereof or mixtures thereof, and 0-5 mol% of a compound containing sulfonate groups, and a second mixture of 15-99.8 mol% of a dihydroxy compound selected from the group consisting of C2-C6-alkanediols and C5-C10-cycloalkanediols, 85-0.2 mol% of a dihydroxy compound IHO-[(CH2)n-O]m-H(n=2, 3 or 4, m=2-250) with 0-5 mol%, based on the first mixture, of a compound D having at least three groups capable of ester formation, and a bisoxazoline C1, their preparation and their use in the manufacture of biodegradable molding materials.

公开(公告)号：NO315121B1

公开(公告)日：2003-07-14

申请号：NO972227

申请日：1997-05-14

Applicant: BASF AG

Inventor： WARZELHAN VOLKER ,  BRUCHMANN BERND ,  BOECKH DIETER ,  SEELIGER URSULA ,  YAMAMOTO MOTONORI ,  BAUER PETER

IPC: C08J9/00 ,  A01G9/10 ,  C05F17/00 ,  C08G18/42 ,  C08G18/46 ,  C08G63/60 ,  C08G63/668 ,  C08G63/672 ,  C08G63/685 ,  C08G63/688 ,  C08G63/91 ,  C08L1/00 ,  C08L67/02 ,  C08L75/06 ,  C08L101/16 ,  C09J167/02 ,  C09J175/06 ,  C09K15/32

Abstract: Biodegradable polyether esters P1 obtainable by reacting a mixture essentially comprising(a1) a mixture essentially comprising20-95 mol % of adipic acid or ester-forming derivatives thereof or mixtures thereof,5-80 mol % of terephthalic acid or ester-forming derivatives thereof or mixtures thereof, and0-5 mol % of a compound containing sulfonate groups,where the total of the individual mole percentages is 100 mol %, and(a2) a mixture of dihydroxy compounds essentially comprising(a21) from 15 to 99.8 mol % of a dihydroxy compound selected from the group consisting of C2-C6-alkanediols and C5-C10-cycloalkanediols,(a22) from 85 to 0.2 mol % of a dihydroxy compound containing ether functionalities of the formula Iwhere n is 2, 3 or 4 and m is an integer from 2 to 250, or mixtures thereof,where the molar ratio of (a1) to (a2) is chosen in the range from 0.4:1 to 1.5:1, with the proviso that the polyether ester P1 has a molecular weight (Mn) in the range from 5000 to 80,000 g/mol, a viscosity number in the range from 30 to 450 g/ml (measured in o-dichlorobenzene/phenol (50/50 ratio by weight) at a concentration of 0.5% by weight of polyether ester P1 at 25° C.) and a melting point in the range from 50 to 200° C., and with the further proviso that from 0.01 to 5 mol %, based on the molar quantity of component (a1) employed, of a compound D with at least three groups capable of ester formation are employed to prepare the polyether ester P1,and further biodegradable polymers and thermoplastic molding compositions, processes for the preparation thereof, the use thereof for producing biodegradable moldings and adhesives, biodegradable moldings, films and blends with starch obtainable from the polymers and molding compositions according to the invention.

公开(公告)号：NO315120B1

公开(公告)日：2003-07-14

申请号：NO972226

申请日：1997-05-14

Applicant: BASF AG

Inventor： WARZELHAN VOLKER ,  SCHORNICK GUNNAR ,  BRUCHMANN BERND ,  SEELIGER URSULA ,  YAMAMOTO MOTONORI ,  BAUER PETER

IPC: A01G13/02 ,  C08G18/42 ,  C08G18/46 ,  C08L3/00 ,  C08G18/66 ,  C08G63/00 ,  C08G63/183 ,  C08G63/20 ,  C08G63/60 ,  C08G63/688 ,  C08G63/91 ,  C08L3/02 ,  C08L67/02 ,  C08L75/06 ,  C08L101/16 ,  C09D167/00 ,  C09K17/52

Abstract: The following are claimed: (A) biodegradable polyester P1, preparable by reaction of a mixt. comprising: (a1) a mixt. comprising: (a11) 35-95 mol.% of adipic acid and/or one or more ester-forming derivs. of this, (a12) 5-65 mol.% of terephthalic acid and/or one or more ester-forming derivs. of this, and (a13) 0-5 mol.% of a cpd. contg. sulphonate gps., the total of mol.% in (a11)-(a13) being 100 mol.%; and (a2) a dihydroxy cpd. selected from 2-6C alkane-diols and 5-10C cycloalkane-diols. The molar ratio of (a1) to (a2) is 0.4-1.5:1. In addn., 0.01-5 mol.% (based on the molar amt. of component (a1)) of a cpd. D, which comprises at least three gps. capable of forming ester gps., are also used for prodn. of polyester P1. Polyester P1 has (a) a mol.wt. (Mn) of 5000-50000 g/mol; (b) a viscosity no. of 30-350 g/ml (measured in o-dichlorobenzene/phenol (wt. ratio 50/50) at 25 degrees C and a P1 concn. of 0.5 wt.%); and (c) a m.pt. of 50-170 degrees C. (B) biodegradable polyester P2, preparable by reaction of a mixt. comprising: (b1) mixt. comprising: (b11) 20-95 mol.% of adipic acid and/or one or more ester-forming deriv. of this, (b12) 5-80 mol.% of terephthalic acid and/or one or more ester- forming deriv. of this, and (b13) 0-5 mol.% of a cpd. contg. sulphonate gps., the total of mol.% in (b11)-(b13) being 100 mol.%; (b2) a dihydroxy cpd. as (a2) above; (b3) 0.01-100 wt.% (based on the amt. of component (b1) of a hydroxycarboxylic acid B1 which is of formula (Ia) or (Ib); and (b4) 0-5 mol.% (based on the amt. of component (b1)) of a cpd. D. The molar ratio of (b1) to (b2) is 0.4-1.25:1. Polyester P2 has (a) a mol.wt. (Mn) of 5000-80000 g/mol; (b) a viscosity no. of 30 - 450 g/ml (measured in o-dichlorobenzene/phenol (wt. ratio 50/50) at 25 degrees C and a P2 concn. of 0.5 wt.%); and (c) a m.pt. of 50-235 degrees C. p = a whole no. from 1-1500; r = a whole no. from 1-4; G = phenylene, (CH2)k, C(R)H and C(R)HCH2; k = 1-5; R = Me or Et. (C) biodegradable polyester Q1 which have: (a) a mol.wt. (Mn) of 5000-100000 g/mol; (b) a viscosity no. of 30-450 g/ml (measured in o-dichlorobenzene/phenol (wt. ratio 50/50) at 25 degrees C and a Q1 concn. of 0.5 wt.%); and (c) a m.pt. of 50-235 degrees C. Q1 are obtained by reaction of a mixt. comprising; (c1) polyester P1 and/or a polyester PWD; (c2) 0.01-50 wt.% (based on (c1)) of a hydroxycarboxylic acid B1; and (c3) 0-5 mol.% (based on the amt. of component (a1) used in prodn. of P1 and/or PWD) of a cpd. D. Polyester PWD is obtainable by reaction of components (a1) and (a2) in a molar ratio of (a1) to (a2) of 0.4-1.5:1. Polyester PWD have: (a) a mol.wt. (Mn) of 5000 - 50000 g/mol; (b) a viscosity no. of 30 - 350 g/ml (measured in o-dichlorobenzene/phenol (wt. ratio 50/50) at 25 degrees C and a PWD concn. of 0.5 wt.%); and (c) a m.pt. of 50-170 degrees C. (D) biodegradable polyesters Q2 which have: (a) a mol.wt. (Mn) of 6000 - 60000 g/mol; (b) a viscosity no. of 30-350 g/ml (measured in o-dichlorobenzene/phenol (wt. ratio 50/50) at 25 degrees C and a Q2 concn. of 0.5 wt.%); and (c) a m.pt. of 50-170 degrees C. Q2 are obtained by reaction of a mixt. comprising: (d1) 95-99.9 wt.% of polyester P1 and/or PWD; and (d2) 0.1-50 wt.% of a diisocyanate C1; and (d3) 0-5 mol.% (based on the amt. of component (a1) used in prodn. of P1 and/or PWD) of a cpd. D. (E) biodegradable polymers T1 which have: (a) a mol.wt. (Mn) of 10000 - 100000 g/mol; (b) a viscosity no. of 30-450 g/ml (measured in o-dichlorobenzene/phenol (wt. ratio 50/50) at 25 degrees C and a T1 concn. of 0.5 wt.%); and (c) a m.pt. of 50-235 degrees C. T1 are obtd. by reaction of polyester Q1 with (e1) 0.1-5 wt.% (based on the amt. of Q1) of diisocyanate C1 and (e2) 0-5 mol.% (based on the amt. of component (a1) used in prodn. of Q1 via the polyester P1 and/or PWD) of a cpd. D. (F) biodegradable polymers T2 which have: (a) a mol.wt. (Mn) of 10000 - 100000 g/mol/. (b) a viscosity no. of 30-450 g/ml (measured in o-dichlorobenzene/phenol (wt. ratio 50/50) at 25 degrees C and a T2 concn. of 0.5 wt.%); and (c) a m.pt. of 50-235 degrees C. T2 are obtained by reaction of polyester Q2 with (f1) 0.01-50 wt.% (based on the amt. of Q2) of hydroxycarboxylic acid B1 and (f2) 0-5 mol.% (based on the amt. of component (a1) used in prodn. of Q2 via the polyester P1 and/or PWD) of a cpd

公开(公告)号：DK0809666T4

公开(公告)日：2002-12-02

申请号：DK96902980

申请日：1996-02-03

Applicant: BASF AG

Inventor： WARZELHAN VOLKER ,  SEELIGER URSULA ,  YAMAMOTO MOTONORI ,  BAUER PETER ,  PIPPER GUNTER ,  BEIMBORN DIETER BERNHARD

IPC: C08J9/04 ,  C08G63/60 ,  C08G63/66 ,  C08G63/672 ,  C08G63/91 ,  C08L3/00 ,  C08L67/00 ,  C08L101/16 ,  C09J167/00 ,  D21H19/28

Abstract: PCT No. PCT/EP96/00458 Sec. 371 Date Aug. 14, 1997 Sec. 102(e) Date Aug. 14, 1997 PCT Filed Feb. 3, 1996 PCT Pub. No. WO96/25448 PCT Pub. Date Aug. 22, 1996Biodegradable polymers comprising a polyether ester P1 obtained by reacting a first mixture of 20-95 mol% of adipic acid or ester-forming derivatives thereof or mixtures thereof, 5-80 mol% of terephthalic acid or ester-forming derivatives thereof or mixtures thereof, and 0-5 mol% of a compound containing sulfonate groups, and a second mixture of 15-99.8 mol% of a dihydroxy compound selected from the group consisting of C2-C6-alkanediols and C5-C10-cycloalkanediols, 85-0.2 mol% of a dihydroxy compound IHO-[(CH2)n-O]m-H(n=2, 3 or 4, m=2-250) with 0-5 mol%, based on the first mixture, of a compound D having at least three groups capable of ester formation, and a bisoxazoline C1, their preparation and their use in the manufacture of biodegradable molding materials.

公开(公告)号：HU0105495A2

公开(公告)日：2002-05-29

申请号：HU0105495

申请日：1999-02-11

Applicant: BASF AG

Inventor： HILDEBRANDT VOLKER ,  MOHRSCHLADT RALF ,  YAMAMOTO MOTONORI

IPC: C08G69/00 ,  C08G69/04 ,  C08G69/16

Abstract: The continuous process for producing polyamides by reacting at least one aminonitrile with water comprises the following steps:(10) reacting at least one aminonitrile with water at a temperature of from 200 to 290° C. at a pressure of from 40 to 70 bar in a flow tube containing a Brönsted acid catalyst selected from a beta-zeolite, sheet-silicate or metal oxide catalyst in the form of a fixed bed,(11) diabatically or adiabatically expanding the reaction mixture from step (1) into a first separation zone to a pressure of from 20 to 40 bar, the pressure being at least 10 bar lower than the pressure in step (1), and to a temperature within the range from 220 to 290° C. by flash evaporation and removal of ammonia, water and any aminonitrile monomer and oligomer,(12) further reacting the reaction mixture from step (2) in the presence of water at a temperature of from 200 to 290° C. and a pressure of from 25 to 55 bar and in the presence or absence of a Brönsted acid catalyst selected from a beta-zeolite, sheet-silicate or metal oxide catalyst in the form of a fixed bed,(13) diabatically or adiabatically expanding the reaction mixture from step (3) into a second separation zone to a pressure of from 0.01 to 20 bar, the pressure being at least 20 bar lower than the pressure in step (3), and to a temperature within the range from 220 to 290° C. by flash evaporation and removal of ammonia, water and any aminonitrile monomer and oligomer.

公开(公告)号：DE10046398A1

公开(公告)日：2002-03-28

申请号：DE10046398

申请日：2000-09-18

Applicant: BASF AG

Inventor： YAMAMOTO MOTONORI ,  SKUPIN GABRIEL

IPC: C08J5/18 ,  C08L67/02 ,  C08G63/668 ,  C08G63/685

Abstract: Polyester film containing (i) 70-99.9 wt% polyester(s) with a mol. wt. (Mn) of 8000-100000 also contains (ii) 0.1-30 wt% compound(s) selected from (ii-1) surfactant(s) and/or (ii-2) polyester(s) with an Mn of 1000-7000.

公开(公告)号：BR0008116A

公开(公告)日：2001-11-06

申请号：BR0008116

申请日：2000-02-10

Applicant: BASF AG

Inventor： MOHRSCHLADT RALF ,  HILDEBRANDT VOLKER ,  YAMAMOTO MOTONORI

IPC: C08G69/00 ,  C08G69/04 ,  C08G69/16

Abstract: The continuous process for producing polyamides by reacting at least one aminonitrile with water comprises the following steps:(10) reacting at least one aminonitrile with water at a temperature of from 200 to 290° C. at a pressure of from 40 to 70 bar in a flow tube containing a Brönsted acid catalyst selected from a beta-zeolite, sheet-silicate or metal oxide catalyst in the form of a fixed bed,(11) diabatically or adiabatically expanding the reaction mixture from step (1) into a first separation zone to a pressure of from 20 to 40 bar, the pressure being at least 10 bar lower than the pressure in step (1), and to a temperature within the range from 220 to 290° C. by flash evaporation and removal of ammonia, water and any aminonitrile monomer and oligomer,(12) further reacting the reaction mixture from step (2) in the presence of water at a temperature of from 200 to 290° C. and a pressure of from 25 to 55 bar and in the presence or absence of a Brönsted acid catalyst selected from a beta-zeolite, sheet-silicate or metal oxide catalyst in the form of a fixed bed,(13) diabatically or adiabatically expanding the reaction mixture from step (3) into a second separation zone to a pressure of from 0.01 to 20 bar, the pressure being at least 20 bar lower than the pressure in step (3), and to a temperature within the range from 220 to 290° C. by flash evaporation and removal of ammonia, water and any aminonitrile monomer and oligomer.

公开(公告)号：GR3035280T3

公开(公告)日：2001-04-30

申请号：GR20010400097

申请日：2001-01-22

Applicant: BASF AG

Inventor： KLATT MARTIN ,  GAREISS BRIGITTE ,  YAMAMOTO MOTONORI ,  FISCH HERBERT ,  NAM MICHAEL ,  HEITZ THOMAS ,  LEUTNER BERND

IPC: C08J5/00 ,  C08J5/18 ,  C08K5/00 ,  C08K5/10 ,  C08K5/20 ,  C08K5/3492 ,  C08K5/49 ,  C08L67/02 ,  D01F1/07 ,  D01F6/62

Abstract: Thermoplastic molding compositions compriseA) from 30 to 96% by weight of a polyesterB) from 1 to 30% by weight of melamine cyanurateC) from 1 to 30% by weight of at least one phosphorus-containing flame retardantD) from 0.01 to 5% by weight of at least one ester or amide derived from a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acid having from 10 to 40 carbon atoms and a saturated aliphatic alcohol or &mine having from 2 to 40 carbon atomsE) from 0 to 60% by weight of other additives and processing aidswhere the total of the percentages by weight of components A) to E) is 100%.

公开(公告)号：DK0927219T3

公开(公告)日：2001-03-26

申请号：DK97943874

申请日：1997-09-19

Applicant: BASF AG

Inventor： YAMAMOTO MOTONORI ,  WARZELHAN VOLKER ,  SEELIGER URSULA ,  NGUYEN KIM SON ,  SCHUMACHER KARL-HEINZ ,  HUMMERICH RAINER ,  BEIMBORN DIETER BERNHARD ,  PAGGA UDO

IPC: C08J3/03 ,  C08G63/16 ,  C08G63/60 ,  C08K3/18 ,  C08L67/00 ,  C08L67/02 ,  C08L75/06 ,  C08L77/12 ,  C09D167/00 ,  C09K17/52 ,  D04H1/00 ,  D04H1/425 ,  D04H1/4266 ,  D04H1/587 ,  D04H1/64 ,  D06M15/507 ,  D21H19/28

Abstract: PCT No. PCT/EP97/05155 Sec. 371 Date Mar. 17, 1999 Sec. 102(e) Date Mar. 17, 1999 PCT Filed Sep. 19, 1997 PCT Pub. No. WO98/12245 PCT Pub. Date Mar. 26, 1998The aqueous dispersion of a biodegradable aliphatic-aromatic polyester is useful as a binder for nonwovens and for coating paper.