Abstract:
A system for keeping a reservoir solution of urea in a liquid state at normally sub-freezing temperatures comprising a reservoir tank module disposed in a solution storage tank (118). Solution in the storage tank is heated partially by passage of heat through the walls of the reservoir tank module. Additional heat is derived from waste heat in engine exhaust gas and is added to the system by passing a portion of the exhaust gas stream through a gas/liquid heat exchanger (152) disposed within the solution in the storage tank (118). The cooled gas is returned to the exhaust system or is sent to the engine intake manifold for EGR.
Abstract:
A variable buoyancy heater (100) is provided. It comprises variable buoyancy float (123) that includes a variable volume element (120). A first fluid is contained within the variable volume element and a heating element (120) that is integral with the variable buoyancy float (100) is provided. The heating element (120) is arranged to heat the first fluid wherein the variable volume element (122) expands based on a temperature increase from the heating element (120), such that the variable buoyancy float (123) becomes positively buoyant when the variable volume element (122) expands and negatively buoyant when the heating element (120) is off.
Abstract:
A system (110) for keeping a reservoir solution of urea in a liquid state at normally sub-freezing temperatures comprising a reservoir tank module (116) having a heater (26) and disposed in a solution storage tank. Solution in the storage tank is heated by passage of heat through the walls of the reservoir tank module (116) which are formed of a hybrid of plastic polymer (142) and metal (140), preferably a urea-resistant stainless steel, such that the thermal conductivity of the walls is sufficient to liquefy frozen solution in the storage tank in a practical time frame at an acceptable net manufacturing cost for the tank module (116). The hybrid combination may be formed in any of various arrangements such as, but not limited to, a lower portion formed of metal (140) and an upper portion formed of plastic (142), or alternating bands and/or strips of metal and plastic. The optimum thicknesses of metal and plastic may be determined conventionally.
Abstract:
A system for keeping a reservoir solution of urea in a liquid state at normally sub-freezing temperatures comprising a reservoir tank module disposed in a solution storage tank (118). Solution in the storage tank (118) is heated partially by passage of heat through the walls of the reservoir tank module. Additional heat is derived from waste heat in engine exhaust gas and is added to the system either by passing a portion of the exhaust gas stream directly onto or through the solution or by passing air heated by the exhaust gas stream directly onto or through the solution. Alternatively, the hot gas may be impinged onto an outer surface of the storage tank (118).
Abstract:
A variable buoyancy heater (100) is provided. It comprises variable buoyancy float (123) that includes a variable volume element (120). A first fluid is contained within the variable volume element and a heating element (120) that is integral with the variable buoyancy float (100) is provided. The heating element (120) is arranged to heat the first fluid wherein the variable volume element (122) expands based on a temperature increase from the heating element (120), such that the variable buoyancy float (123) becomes positively buoyant when the variable volume element (122) expands and negatively buoyant when the heating element (120) is off.
Abstract:
An edge-connected non-thermal plasma reactor includes an element having an edge-connected frame comprising a pair of dielectric edge connectors secured at opposite ends to a pair of outer dielectric plates. The dielectric edge connectors have a backplane and a plurality of tines protruding along one major surface of the backplane. The tines (12) are spaced apart from one another at regular intervals so as to form pockets between adjacent tines. Alternating polarity electrode plates comprising a dielectric barrier plate having an electrode and terminal connection lead disposed on the dielectric barrier are arranged within the edge-connected frame so as to define the presence of a dielectric barrier next to a plasma cell, with the pockets engaging opposite ends of the electrode plates. Double and single dielectric edge-connected reactor elements are provided.
Abstract:
An edge-connected non-thermal plasma reactor includes an element having an edge-connected frame comprising a pair of dielectric edge connectors secured at opposite ends to a pair of outer dielectric plates. The dielectric edge connectors have a backplane and a plurality of tines protruding along one major surface of the backplane. The tines are spaced apart from one another at regular intervals so as to form pockets between adjacent tines. Alternating polarity electrode plates comprising a dielectric barrier plate having an electrode and terminal connection lead disposed on the dielectric barrier are arranged within the edge-connected frame so as to define the presence of a dielectric barrier next to a plasma cell, with the pockets engaging opposite ends of the electrode plates. Double and single dielectric edge-connected reactor elements are provided.