Abstract:
In general, in one aspect, the invention features an apparatus that includes a photonic crystal fiber (200, 900) configured to guide a mode of electromagnetic radiation at a wavelength, .lambda., along a waveguide axis. The fiber includes a core (210) extending along the waveguide axis, and a confinement region (220, 910) extending along the waveguide axis and surrounding the core (210). The confinement region (220, 910) includes alternating layers (211-219, 920-922) of a first and a second dielectric material having thicknesses d1and d2and different refractive indices n1and n 2, respectively. The thickness of at least one of the alternating layers of the first material differs from thickness d1QWor at least one of the alternating layers of the second material differs from thickness d2QW,where d1QWand d2QWcorrespond to a quarter-wave condition for the two dielectric materials given by Formula (I) and Formula (II), respectively. The photonic crystal fiber has an attenuation for the guided mode at the wavelength .lambda. that is reduced by a factor of about two or more relative to an attenuation for a reference fiber that is identical to the photonic crystal fiber except that the reference fiber has alternating layer thicknesses corresponding to the quarter-wave condition.
Abstract:
An optical waveguide including: a dielectric core region extending along a waveguide axis; and a dielectric confinement region surrounding the core about the waveguide axis, the confinement region comprising a photonic crystal structure having a photonic band gap, wherein during operation the confinement region guides EM radiation in at least a first range of frequencies to propagate along the waveguide axis, wherein the core has an average refractive index smaller than about 1.3 for a frequency in the first range of frequencies, and wherein the core a diameter in a range between about 4lambda and 80lambda, wherein lambda is a wavelength corresponding to a central frequency in the first frequency range.
Abstract:
In general, in one aspect, the invention features systems, including a photonic crystal fiber (120) including a core (210) extending along a waveguide axis and a dielectric confinement region (220) surrounding the cor e, the dielectric confinement region (220) being configured to guide radiation along the waveguide axis from an input end to an output end of the photonic crystal fiber (120). The systems also includes a handpiece (680) attached to the photonic crystal fiber (120), wherein the handpiece allows an operator t o control the orientation of the output end to direct the radiation to a targe t location of a patient.
Abstract:
In general, in one aspect, the invention features methods that include guiding radiation at a first wavelength, ?1, through a core of a photonic crystal fiber and guiding radiation at a second wavelength, ?2, through the photonic crystal fiber, wherein |? 1 - ? 2| > 100 nm.
Abstract:
In general, in one aspect, the invention features systems, including a photonic crystal fiber (120) including a core (210) extending along a waveguide axis and a dielectric confinement region (220) surrounding the core, the dielectric confinement region (220) being configured to guide radiation along the waveguide axis from an input end to an output end of the photonic crystal fiber (120). The systems also includes a handpiece (680) attached to the photonic crystal fiber (120), wherein the handpiece allows an operator to control the orientation of the output end to direct the radiation to a target location of a patient.
Abstract:
In general, in one aspect, the invention features systems, including a photonic crystal fiber including a core extending along a waveguide axis and a dielectric confinement region surrounding the core, the dielectric confinement region being configured to guide radiation along the waveguide axis from an input end to an output end of the photonic crystal fiber. The systems also includes a handpiece attached to the photonic crystal fiber, wherein the handpiece allows an operator to control the orientation of the output end to direct the radiation to a target location of a patient.
Abstract:
High index-contrast fiber waveguides, materials for forming high index-contrast fiber waveguides, and applications of high index-contrast fiber waveguides are disclosed.
Abstract:
An optical waveguide (100) including: a dielectric core region (110) extending along a waveguide axis; and a dielectric confinement region (120) surrounding the core (110) about the waveguide axis, the confinement region (120) comprising a photonic crystal structure (122, 124) having a photonic band gap, wherein during operation the confinement region (120) guides EM radiation in at least a first range of frequencies to propagate along the waveguide axis, wherein the core (110) has an average refractive index smaller than about 1.3 for a frequency in the first range of frequencies, and wherein the core (110) has a diameter in a range between about 4μ and 80μ, wherein μ is a wavelength corresponding to a central frequency in the first frequency range.