Abstract:
A method for reducing an internal pressure of a vacuum chamber while preventing impurity contamination within the vacuum chamber as much as possible. The method includes: rough pumping reducing an internal pressure of a vacuum chamber (1) by using a roughing pump (2), the roughing pump (2) being a mechanical pump that is capable of reducing the internal pressure of the vacuum chamber (1) to be less than 15 Pa; main pumping reducing the internal pressure of the vacuum chamber (1) by using a main pump (3) after the rough pumping, the main pump (3) being a non-mechanical pump. Transition from the rough pumping to the main pumping is performed when the internal pressure of the vacuum chamber (1) is no less than 15 Pa.
Abstract:
Provided is organic EL display panel and an organic EL display apparatus that can be driven at a low voltage and that exhibit excellent light-emitting efficiency. Included are a substrate, a first electrode, an auxiliary wiring, a hole injection layer, a functional layer, and a second electrode. The hole injection layer and the second electrode are formed to be continuous above the first electrode and above the auxiliary wiring. The second electrode and the auxiliary wiring are electrically connected by the hole injection layer in an organic EL display panel. The hole injection layer is a metal oxide film, and metal atoms constituting the metal oxide include both metal atoms at a maximum valence thereof and metal atoms at a valence less than the maximum valence. The metal oxide film includes a metal oxide crystal with a particle diameter on the order of nanometers.