公开(公告)号：US4147931A

公开(公告)日：1979-04-03

申请号：US845969

申请日：1977-10-27

Applicant: Pertti Puumalainen

Inventor： Pertti Puumalainen

IPC: G01B15/02 ,  G01N23/223 ,  G01N23/20

CPC classification number: G01B15/02 ,  G01N23/223 ,  G01N2223/076

Abstract: A procedure for measuring unit area weights (base weights) in materials combinations comprising a base material, thereupon a precoating, and upon which latter there is a surface coating or coatings. The materials combination is irradiated with x-rays which excite the characteristic x-ray radiation of a substance in the precoat, the intensity of which is measured above and below the coated base material, in addition to which the absorption in the materials combination of the primary radiation from the radiation source is measured, whereby from the mutually independent results of measurement obtained the unit area weights of the different courses are calculated.

Abstract translation: 用于测量材料组合中的单位面积重量（基重）的程序，包括基材，然后预涂，并且其后面具有表面涂层或涂层。 用X射线照射材料组合，其激发预涂层中物质的特征X射线辐射，其强度在涂覆的基材上方和下方测量，除此之外，材料组合中的吸收 测量来自辐射源的初级辐射，由此从相互独立的测量结果中可以计算不同课程的单位面积重量。

公开(公告)号：US4669102A

公开(公告)日：1987-05-26

申请号：US604626

申请日：1984-04-18

Applicant: Pertti Puumalainen

Inventor： Pertti Puumalainen

IPC: G01N23/04 ,  A61B6/03 ,  H01J35/14 ,  H01J35/24 ,  H05G1/70 ,  A61B6/00 ,  H01J35/04

CPC classification number: A61B6/032 ,  A61B6/4028 ,  H01J35/14 ,  H01J35/24 ,  H05G1/70

Abstract: A method and a device for operating and focusing a tomographic x-ray unit using an electron beam and embodying at least one electron gun (1), an anode (2) at which the gun is aimed as well as the x-ray detectors (5) needed to produce a tomographic photograph. In order to construct a device with a sufficiently short exposure time and capable of taking tomographic photographs of fast-moving objects, it is particularly characteristic of this invention that an electron beam (8) emitted by an electron gun (1) is roughly deflected at a hole (4) in the focusing plane (3) which, by means of focusing field lines, draws the electrons into the hole, focuses and accelerates the electron beam which strikes the surface of the anode (2), generating an x-ray source, and that the focusing hole (4) is moved in regard to the anode (2) to generate a series of x-ray sources needed to produce a "layerwise" tomographic photograph of the object under examination.

Abstract translation: PCT No.PCT / FI83 / 00059 Sec。 371日期1984年4月18日 102（e）1984年4月18日PCT提交1983年8月19日PCT公布。 出版物WO84 / 00848 日期：1984年3月1日。一种用于使用电子束操作和聚焦断层X射线单元并且体现至少一个电子枪（1），用于瞄准枪的阳极（2）的方法和装置 作为产生断层照相所需的x射线检测器（5）。 为了构建具有足够短的曝光时间并且能够拍摄快速移动物体的断层照相的装置，本发明的特征是电子枪（1）发射的电子束（8）在 聚焦平面（3）中的孔（4），其通过聚焦场线将电子吸引到孔中，聚焦并加速撞击阳极（2）表面的电子束，产生X射线 源，并且聚焦孔（4）相对于阳极（2）移动以产生产生被检查物体的“分层”层析照相所需的一系列x射线源。

公开(公告)号：US4700486A

公开(公告)日：1987-10-20

申请号：US867687

申请日：1986-05-28

Applicant: Pertti Puumalainen

Inventor： Pertti Puumalainen

IPC: G01B7/06 ,  D21F7/06 ,  G01B20060101 ,  G01B7/00 ,  G01B7/02 ,  G01B7/04 ,  G01B21/08 ,  G01B7/10

CPC classification number: G01B7/107

Abstract: An arrangement for measuring the thickness of a continuous material web. The thickness of the material web is measured by pressing from opposite sides of the web, and on the same spot, wheels which can rotate against the web. One wheel is equipped with a conductive surface, and the other wheel has a detecting element which measures the distance from the conductive surface.

Abstract translation: 用于测量连续材料网的厚度的布置。 材料幅材的厚度通过从幅材的相对侧按压，并且在相同的位置上可以相对于幅材旋转的轮子来测量。 一个轮子配备有导电表面，另一个轮具有一个检测元件，该检测元件测量与导电表面的距离。

公开(公告)号：US4595840A

公开(公告)日：1986-06-17

申请号：US624933

申请日：1984-06-27

Applicant: Pertti Puumalainen

Inventor： Pertti Puumalainen

IPC: D21F7/06 ,  G01N21/89 ,  G01N21/892 ,  G01N21/88

CPC classification number: G01N21/89 ,  D21F7/06 ,  G01N21/8921

Abstract: The present invention concerns a procedure and a means for observing streaks in the machine direction in paper or in its coating, on a web (1) in continuous motion, a measuring box (2) being moved reciprocatingly across the paper web, from a light source (A) therewithin light being conducted against the paper web (1) in the form of separate light beams (5) spaced uniformly in the direction across the web, whereafter the intensities of the transmission beams from the paper or of the reflected beams from the coating are measured each separately by means of a detector (7) placed in the path of each light beam (5), the deviation of intensity found by the detector being automatically recorded in time and in space, whereafter the deviations of intensity coming later in succession from other detectors (7) are superimposed in time, whereby when similar intensity deviations come from the majority of the different detectors, the deviation must have been caused by a streak in the machine direction across which the equivalent number of light beams (5) has passed.

Abstract translation: 本发明涉及一种用于在连续运动的纸幅（1）上在纸或其涂层中沿机器方向观察条纹的方法和装置，测量箱（2）从纸张往复移动穿过纸幅 源（A），其中以沿着幅材均匀分布的分开的光束（5）的形式在纸幅（1）上传导的光源（A），之后来自纸张或反射光束的透射光束的强度 通过放置在每个光束（5）的路径中的检测器（7）分别测量涂层，由检测器发现的强度的偏差在时间和空间中自动记录，之后强度的偏差稍后 从其他检测器（7）中连续地叠加在一起，由此当类似的强度偏差来自大多数不同的检测器时，偏差必然是由机器指令中的条纹引起的 n等效数量的光束（5）通过。

公开(公告)号：US4812665A

公开(公告)日：1989-03-14

申请号：US26219

申请日：1987-03-16

Applicant: Pertti Puumalainen ,  Reijo Kuusela

Inventor： Pertti Puumalainen ,  Reijo Kuusela

IPC: G01N21/31 ,  G01N21/35 ,  G01N21/86 ,  G01J3/50 ,  G01N21/27

CPC classification number: G01N21/86 ,  G01N21/3559 ,  G01N2021/8609 ,  G01N21/314 ,  G01N21/3554

Abstract: The object of the invention is a method for measuring humidity in material to be produced in the form of a web, particularly paper and carton material. According to the method, a chopper in part cuts infrared light brought on the other side of the web through an opal glass window from an infrared source. The radiation is measured in an analysis part placed adjacent a second opal glass window. Humidity in the web is measured by measurement of the measuring and reference wavelengths; intensities with a measuring analyzer and a reference analyzer and simultaneously adjusting the viewing angles of the analyzers in such a manner, that when the position of the material web between the opal windows is changed, the same value for the humidity is obtained. The wavelengths between the measuring and reference channels have been chosen so that they are as near as possible to each other.

Abstract translation: 本发明的目的是一种用于测量以幅材，特别是纸和纸箱材料的形式产生的材料中的湿度的方法。 根据该方法，切割器通过蛋白石玻璃窗部分地从红外源切割通过纤维网的另一侧带入的红外光。 在邻近第二蛋白石玻璃窗放置的分析部分中测量辐射。 通过测量和参考波长测量网络中的湿度; 通过测量分析仪和参考分析仪的强度，同时以这种方式调节分析仪的视角，即当蛋白石窗口之间的材料纤维网的位置改变时，获得相同的湿度值。 已经选择测量和参考通道之间的波长使得它们彼此尽可能接近。

公开(公告)号：US4639942A

公开(公告)日：1987-01-27

申请号：US840390

申请日：1986-03-17

Applicant: Pertti Puumalainen

Inventor： Pertti Puumalainen

IPC: G01B15/02 ,  G01N23/223

CPC classification number: G01N23/223 ,  G01N2223/076

Abstract: The present invention concerns the measuring of a silicon coating on paper or cardboard moving in the form of a continuous web and which may as fillers contain substances containing silicon such as kaolin, or aluminum silicate. By x-ray radiation from a primary radiation source (3) and passing through the web is excited the characteristic x-ray radiation of an element, in a secondary radiation source (7) on the silicon coating side of the paper web (1), having a higher ordinal number than silicon (Si). The exciting radiation is sent obliquely against the surface of the paper or cardboard, whereby the irradiation of the surface is accentuated and the characteristic x-ray radiation of the silicon in the silicon coating can be excited. The exciting radiation also partly excites the silicon in the filler, but in this case it will be accompanied by the characteristic x-ray radiation of the metal associated with the silicate, such as aluminum in the instance of kaolin. These two fluorescence radiations are measured using a semiconductor detector (9) with good energy discriminating capacity, the quantity of silicon coating being calculable from the silicon energy peak recorded in the spectrum from this detector when it is corrected, as in the exemplary case, to eliminate with the aid of the aluminum peak the contribution of the filler and when in the scattered energy peak measured from the spectrum the irradiation correction is taken into account. If there is coating on both sides, two measuring heads are placed one after the other in the web's direction of travel by which the surface fluorescence is recorded from different sides.

Abstract translation: 本发明涉及以连续幅材的形式移动的纸或纸板上的硅涂层的测量，并且其可以作为填料含有含硅的物质，例如高岭土或硅酸铝。 在纸幅（1）的硅涂层侧上的次级辐射源（7）中，通过来自主辐射源（3）的X射线辐射并通过幅材的元件的特征X射线辐射被激发， ，具有比硅（Si）更高的序数。 激发的辐射倾斜地传递到纸或纸板的表面上，从而增强了表面的照射，并且可以激发硅涂层中硅的特征X射线辐射。 激发的辐射也部分地激发填料中的硅，但在这种情况下，它将伴随着与硅酸盐相关的金属的特征X射线辐射，例如高岭土的铝。 使用具有良好能量识别能力的半导体检测器（9）测量这两个荧光辐射，如在示例性情况中，如在示例性情况下，硅涂层的数量可以从该检测器的光谱中记录的硅能量峰值计算，如在示例性情况下， 在铝峰的帮助下消除填料的贡献，并且当从光谱测量的散射能峰中考虑照射校正时。 如果两面都有涂层，则两个测量头在纸幅的行进方向上一个接一个放置，通过该测量头从不同的侧面记录表面荧光。

公开(公告)号：US4543487A

公开(公告)日：1985-09-24

申请号：US606719

申请日：1984-05-03

Applicant: Pertti Puumalainen ,  Rauno Rantanen ,  Pertti Sikanen

Inventor： Pertti Puumalainen ,  Rauno Rantanen ,  Pertti Sikanen

IPC: H01J37/30 ,  A61L2/08 ,  B01J19/12 ,  B05C9/14 ,  B29C35/08 ,  C08F2/54 ,  G21K1/00 ,  G21K5/04 ,  H01J33/00 ,  H01J37/04 ,  H01J37/301

CPC classification number: H01J33/00

Abstract: The invention concerns a procedure and a means for creating an electron curtain (5) intended to be used in irradiating a surface (8) and adjustable as to its intensity distribution. The electron curtain is elicited by producing with an elongated filament (2) placed in a chamber (1), free electrons in a space (6) surrounding the filament, by accelerating the electrons by means of an electrode structure (3) confining the space and by directing the electron curtain formed by the accelerated electrons out from the chamber through a window (4) permeable to electrons in its wall. It is a substantial novelty in the invention that regulation of the intensity distribution of the electron curtain (5) takes place by use of an elongated body (9) of magnetically soft material and of a row of magnets constituted by magnets (10) placed side by side, one of the two being disposed substantially parallelling the filament (2) behind the filament as seen from the direction of the window (4) of the chamber (1) and the other being disposed outside the window of the chamber before the electron curtain, the basis for the regulation achievable with the magnets being the absorption, dependent on the strength of the magnetic field, of electrons in the electrode structure (3). The magnets (10) being functionally independent of each other, the intensity of the electron curtain can be adjusted to be uniform or to vary as desired at different points of the curtain.

Abstract translation: 本发明涉及用于产生用于照射表面（8）并且可调节其强度分布的电子幕（5）的方法和手段。 通过利用放置在室（1）中的细长丝（2），围绕灯丝的空间（6）中的自由电子产生电子幕，通过限制空间的电极结构（3）加速电子 并且通过将通过加速的电子形成的电子窗口从腔室引导通过其壁中的电子可透过的窗口（4）。 本发明中的一个实质的新颖之处在于，电子幕（5）的强度分布的调节是通过使用磁软材料的细长体（9）和由放置在其上的磁体（10）构成的一排磁体 并且这两个中的一个从灯室（1）的窗口（4）的方向看，从细丝（2）的后面基本平行地布置在灯丝（2）的后面，另一个设置在电子器件的窗口之外 帘幕，磁体是电极结构（3）中的电子吸收的依赖于磁场的强度而实现的调节的基础。 磁体（10）在功能上彼此独立，可以将电子幕的强度调整为均匀或根据需要在帘幕的不同点变化。

公开(公告)号：US5543331A

公开(公告)日：1996-08-06

申请号：US342007

申请日：1994-11-16

Applicant: Pertti Puumalainen

Inventor： Pertti Puumalainen

IPC: G01N27/64 ,  G01N27/66 ,  G01N21/71

CPC classification number: G01N27/66

Abstract: The objective of the invention is a method for detection of alien matter contents in gas, in which method the gas and the substances contained in it are ionized in an ionization room (1). By the present methods impurities in gases cannot be determined fast and in small concentrations. In the method of the invention the ions contained in the gas are separated in a separation section (2) into positive and negative ions, of which at least the ions of either sign are led into a narrow analyzer channel (4). There, due to the capillary force, they are forced to move in the middle section of the channel, from where they are deflected by electric fields of different strength caused by different voltages (U1-U10) into an electrode located at the edge of the channel, where they cause ion current (I1-I10). On the basis of ion currents a current spectrum is made, on the basis of which different substances are detected and their concentrations determined with the aid of corresponding spectra obtained with standard samples of different substances.

Abstract translation: 本发明的目的是检测气体中的异物含量的方法，其中气体和其中所含的物质在电离室（1）中被离子化。 通过本方法，气体中的杂质不能快速且小的浓度测定。 在本发明的方法中，包含在气体中的离子在分离部分（2）中被分离为正离子和负离子，其中至少两个符号的离子被引导到窄的分析器通道（4）中。 在那里，由于毛细管力，它们被迫在通道的中间部分移动，从而由不同电压（U1-U10）引起的不同强度的电场偏转到位于该边缘的电极 通道，导致离子电流（I1-I10）。 在离子电流的基础上，根据不同物质的检测方法，根据不同物质的标准样品获得的相应光谱，确定其浓度。

公开(公告)号：US5175436A

公开(公告)日：1992-12-29

申请号：US720426

申请日：1991-06-27

Applicant: Pertti Puumalainen

Inventor： Pertti Puumalainen

IPC: G21K1/00 ,  G21K5/04 ,  H01J33/00 ,  H01J37/30 ,  H05H5/00

CPC classification number: H01J33/00 ,  H05H5/00

Abstract: The application of the electron beam technique in the polymerization of surfaces and purification of flue gases, for instance, often has a high demand of energy. The performance of prior art emitters, often considerably less than 50%, is thereby a major drawback. In the present method, low-energy shaping acceleration is applied first and thereafter the electrons are passed through windows very ideally and homogeneously by the proper acceleration. By means of the method, several successive and/or parallel windows can be provided in the device, the electron power being distributed evenly between said windows.

Abstract translation: PCT No.PCT / FI90 / 00033 Sec。 371日期1991年6月27日 102（e）日期1991年6月27日PCT提交1990年2月1日PCT公布。 出版物WO90 / 09030 日期1990年8月9日。例如，电子束技术在表面聚合和烟道气净化中的应用往往具有很高的能量需求。 因此，现有技术的发射器的性能通常大大低于50％，这是主要的缺点。 在本方法中，首先施加低能整形加速度，此后电子通过适当的加速度理想地均匀地通过窗口。 通过该方法，可以在装置中提供几个连续和/或平行的窗口，电子功率在所述窗口之间均匀分布。

公开(公告)号：US5047723A

公开(公告)日：1991-09-10

申请号：US286063

申请日：1988-12-01

Applicant: Pertti Puumalainen

Inventor： Pertti Puumalainen

IPC: G01N27/02 ,  G01N27/64 ,  G01N27/66

CPC classification number: G01N27/622 ,  G01N27/66

Abstract: A method for detection of alien matter content in gas, in which the gas and the materials contained in it are ionized in an ionization room (1). The present methods are inaccurate and unreliable. The invention is based on a method, in which the ionized gas is led through chambers (2) containing different electric fields, out of which at least from one of the chambers the field current is measured, from which a signal is obtained, which describes the existence of alien matters in the gas. More parameters are obtained for detection of different materials by measuring favorably the currents passed through several electric field chambers as well as possibly by branching off from the ionization source the flow to different analysis lines of the electric field chambers.

Abstract translation: PCT No.PCT / FI87 / 00075 Sec。 371日期：1988年12月1日 102（e）日期1988年12月1日PCT提交1987年6月1日PCT公布。 出版物WO87 / 07720 日期：1987年12月17日。一种用于检测气体中外来物质含量的方法，其中气体及其中所含的材料在电离室（1）中离子化。 目前的方法是不准确和不可靠的。 本发明基于一种方法，其中电离气体被引导通过包含不同电场的腔室（2），其中至少从一个腔室测量场电流，从该腔室获得信号，其中描述了 气体中存在外来物质。 通过有利地测量通过几个电场室的电流以及可能通过从电离源分支到电场室的不同分析线的流量，获得更多的参数来检测不同的材料。