Abstract:
A process for the chemical conversion of a reactive feedstock mixture is provided, the process comprising providing an annular reaction chamber having an inlet end and an outlet end; charging to the annular reaction chamber a reactive feedstock to be converted; detonating the reactive feedstock mixture; allowing a detonation wave to propagate around the annular reaction chamber; introducing into the inlet end of the annular reaction chamber the reactive feedstock to maintain propagation of the detonation wave around the annular reaction chamber; allowing components within the reaction chamber to move from the inlet end towards the outlet end; and recovering from the outlet end of the annular reaction chamber the products of chemical conversion of the feedstock by the action of the detonation wave. An apparatus for the conversion of a reactive feedstock is also provided.
Abstract:
Methods and apparatus to produce alkynes are described. The method includes combusting fuel and an oxidizer in a combustion zone to create a carrier gas stream, which is accelerated to supersonic speed in an expansion zone. A feedstock material is injected into a feedstock injection zone using two or more pluralities of injection nozzles. The injection nozzles are arranged annularly. The carrier gas stream is transitioned from supersonic speed to subsonic speed to create a shockwave in a reaction zone. The reaction zone is directly connected to the feedstock injection zone, and the shockwave is created adjacent to the feedstock injection zone. The carrier gas stream and the feedstock material are simultaneously mixed and reacted.
Abstract:
A novel process and apparatus is disclosed for performing chemical reactions. Highly compressed gaseous streams such as H2, CO, C02, H20, 02, or CH4 are raised to Mach speeds to form supersonic jets incorporating Shockwaves. Two or more such jets are physically collided together to form a localized reaction zone where the energy from the Shockwaves causes endothermic reactions wherein the chemical bonds of the reactant gases are broken. Between and among reactants molecular surface interaction and molecular surface chemistry take place. In the ensuing exothermic reactions a desired new chemical product is formed and this product is locked into a lower state of enthalpy (state of energy of formation) through adiabatic cooling by means of a free-jet expansion.
Abstract:
Изобретение относится к технологии получения аллотропных модификаций углерода и может быть использовано, в частности, для синтеза кристаллов алмазов, получения лонсдейлита, фуллеренов, стеклоуглерода и т.п. В способе получения аллотропных модификаций углерода, включающем электрическое воздействие на углерод в жидкой среде, в качестве электрического воздействия используют электрогидравлическую обработку полидисперсной системы, состоящей из жидкой дисперсионной среды и твердой дисперсной фазы. В качестве полидисперсной системы может быть использована ультрамикрогетерогенная система с размерами частиц дисперсной фазы 10 -7 - 10 -9 м. При этом в качестве дисперсионной среды может быть использована жидкость с водородным показателем (рН) в диапазоне от 6 до 9, в зависимости от конкретной величины которого определяется оптимальная величина мощности электрогидравлического удара. Отношение дисперсионной среды к твердой дисперсной фазе может составлять 50:50. Кроме того, электрогидравлическая обработка полидисперсной системы может осуществляться в присутствии катализатора, такого как железо, или никель, или родий, или палладий, или платина.
Abstract:
The present invention concerns nanometric-sized ceramic materials in the form of multiple crystalline structures, composites, or solid solutions, the process for their synthesis, and uses thereof. These materials are mainly obtained by detonation of two water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions, one of which is prepared with precursors in order to present a detonation regime with temperature lower than 2000°C, and they present a high chemical and crystalline phase homogeneity, individually for each particle, as well as a set of complementary properties adjustable according to the final applications, such as a homogeneous distribution of the primary particles, very high chemical purity level, crystallite size below 50 nm, surface areas by mass unit between 25 and 500 m2/g, and true particle densities higher than 98% of the theoretical density. This set of characteristics makes this materials particularly suitable for a vast range of applications in the nanotechnology field, such as, for example, nanocoatings, magnetic nanofluids, nanocatalysts, nanosensors, nanopigments, nanoadditives, ultra light nanocomposites, drug release nanoparticles, nanomarkers, nanometric films, etc.