Abstract:
The oxidation step in the anthraquinones process for producing hydrogen peroxide is carried out in a plurality of stages in an apparatus arranged for separating gas and liquid phases. The hydroquinone containing working solution is conducted in each stage in parallel flow from bottom to top with one oxygen containing gas. The stage with the highest hydroquinone concentration in the working solution is led to the gas mixture most depleted in oxygen and the fresh gas mixture is introduced into the stage which contains the working solution poorest in hydroquinone.
Abstract:
Styrene or styrene substituted in the aromatic nucleus or on the vinyl group with a methyl group or styrene having the vinyl group substituted by hydroxymethyl is reacted with less than 2 moles of formic acid and less than 2 moles of hydrogen peroxide per mole of styrene or substituted styrene to hydroxylate the double bond. The formic acid is employed at a concentration between 20 and 100 weight percent and the hydrogen peroxide is employed at a concentration of less than 50 weight %. The concentration of the hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous phase of the reaction mixture is held below 15 weight percent during the entire reaction. The corresponding diols or triols are formed directly from the olefins employed within reasonable reaction times in high yields.
Abstract:
An apparatus for exchanging a substance between immiscible liquids comprises two or more substantially vertical columns each of which has an upper and a lower inlet and an upper and a lower outlet, the lower parts of said columns being connected by a tube containing a liquid or a gas in which there is a piston arranged to produce vibrations in the different columns in opposite senses. The liquid if employed in the tube, may be different from those in the columns and diaphragms may be provided to prevent mixing. Figs. 2a-2c show the arrangement of a piston in a tube at the bottom of two columns (3, 4, Figs. 2a, 2b) or four columns (9-12, Fig. 2c), diaphragms (7, 8 or 13-16) being provided: the volume surrounding the piston is filled with a liquid. Fig. 3 shows an arrangement for use with a corrosive liquid, in which a gas is provided in the piston chamber. As a result of the construction according to the invention it is possible to dispense with sealing round the piston.