Abstract:
A system for measuring one or more characteristics of light of a photon energy Eph from a light source, that can be determined from measuring three-photon absorption events, the system comprising: a) a detector having a band gap material characterized by gap energy between 2.1 and 3 times Eph; b) an optical element configured to concentrate a beam of light from the light source on the detector; c) a signal amplifier that amplifies an output signal indicative of when three photons produced by the light source undergo a three-photon absorption event in the band gap material; and d) an analyzer that analyzes the output signal to count or measure a rate of the three-photon absorption events, and determines the one or more characteristics of the light from the light source.
Abstract:
An imaging coherent radiometer for detecting and determining the location and wavelength of coherent radiation or coherent lack of radiation in the presence of non-coherent ambient radiation. The apparatus includes an unequal path interferometer which divides incoming radiation containing coherent and non-coherent radiation into a first beam path and a second beam path through which a first beam and a second beam, respectively, travel. The optical path length difference between the first beam path and the second beam path are greater than the coherence length of the non-coherent radiation, but substantially less than the coherence length of the coherent radiation or coherent lack of radiation. Modulation means are provided to cause a predetermined difference in the optical frequencies between the first beam and the second beam proportional to a modulation signal. The first and second beams are then recombined into a recombined beam. Detecting means are provided to detect the interference of the first and second beams across the entire wavefront of the recombined beam, and over the entire image of the scene being viewed. Processing means detect and determine the location and wavelength of coherent radiation or coherent lack of radiation in the scene being viewed by the apparatus. This information can then be visually displayed. Additional processing means to respond to specific coherent wavelengths or wavelength sets.
Abstract:
A self-tuning optical notch filter is employed to separate coherent from noncoherent radiation in an overall beam. The presence of coherent radiation is detected, preferably with an interferometer, and the frequency of the detected coherent radiation is determined. An electrical control signal is generated with a frequency corresponding to that of the coherent radiation, and causes an optical filter to filter out the coherent radiation from the beam. In the preferred embodiment the optical filter is a Bragg cell, and the electrical control signal is applied to an electro-acoustic transducer which furnishes an acoustic control signal to the Bragg cell.
Abstract:
The invention relates to a device (1) for detecting laser radiation (45), comprising at least one light inlet (51) and at least one photoelectric transducer (5), which is designed to convert electromagnetic radiation (46) entering through the light inlet (51) into an electrical signal, wherein a modulator (4) is arranged in the beam path between the light inlet (51) and the photoelectric transducer (5), which modulator is designed to modulate laser radiation at a specifiable modulation frequency. The invention further relates to a corresponding method.
Abstract:
A quantitative phase image generating method for a microscope, includes: irradiating an object with illumination light; disposing a focal point of an objective lens at each of a plurality of positions that are mutually separated by gaps Δz along an optical axis of the objective lens, and detecting light from the object; generating sets of light intensity distribution data corresponding to each of the plurality of positions based upon the detected light; and generating a quantitative phase image based upon the light intensity distribution data; wherein the gap Δz is set based upon setting information of the microscope.
Abstract:
A method includes: producing a light beam made up of pulses having a wavelength in the deep ultraviolet range, each pulse having a first temporal coherence defined by a first temporal coherence length and each pulse being defined by a pulse duration; for one or more pulses, modulating the optical phase over the pulse duration of the pulse to produce a modified pulse having a second temporal coherence defined by a second temporal coherence length that is less than the first temporal coherence length of the pulse; forming a light beam of pulses at least from the modified pulses; and directing the formed light beam of pulses toward a substrate within a lithography exposure apparatus.
Abstract:
A phase step diffractometer is disclosed that utilizes Fresnel diffraction from a 1D step. The main part of the device is a step with two flat parallel mirrors on either side. The phase difference (PD) is changed by varying the light incident angle and the step height. The diffracted lights from the step are caught by a CCD connected to a PC. By varying PD, the visibility of the three central diffraction fringes changes. This permits low uncertainties in the measurements of wavelength, coherence length, coherence width, plate thickness, surface topography and fine displacement of objects. In addition, the device can be used in determination of broad spectral line shapes and optical constants of materials.
Abstract:
A laser discrimination filter based on temporal coherence is presented. This filter comprises a multilayer device with "thick" layers such that the optical thickness of each layer is greater than the coherence length of the ambient light, but still much smaller than the coherence length of the laser light of interest. Thus, the spectral response of the device of this invention becomes dependent on the degree of temporal coherence of the incident light. If white light strikes the filter, multi-beam interference will not occur because of its short coherence length. The device acts like a stack of partially reflecting mirrors. If the laser light strikes the filter, multi-beam interference will still take place because of the long coherence length of the laser light. This causes the device to have different transmitting characteristics for laser light and white light. Therefore, this device functions as a laser discrimination device.