Abstract:
An integrated microelectronic circuit has a multi-layer interconnect structure overlying the transistors consisting of stacked metal pattern layers and insulating layers separating adjacent ones of said metal pattern layers. Each of the insulating layers is a dielectric material with plural gas bubbles distributed within the volume of the dielectric material to reduce the dielectric constant of the material, the gas bubbles being formed by ion implantation of a gaseous species into the dielectric material.
Abstract:
An apparatus for supporting a substrate is described that has a ball adapted to minimize damage between the substrate support and the substrate supported thereon. In one embodiment, an apparatus for supporting a substrate includes ball disposed on an inclined ball support surface. The ball support surface is adapted to bias the ball toward one side of the ball support surface thereby providing space for the ball to roll as the substrate supported thereon changes in length when exposed to thermal influences. In another embodiment, the apparatus further comprises a cage adapted to capture the ball to the ball support surface.
Abstract:
According to one aspect of the invention, a dispense head for a wafer processing apparatus is provided. The dispense head may include an inlet, at least one outlet, a drain, and a passageway therethrough interconnecting the inlet, the outlet, and the drain. The inlet may be a first height above a bottom of the passageway, the outlet may be a second height above the bottom, and the drain may be a third height above the bottom. A first valve may be connected to the inlet, and a second valve may be connected to the drain. When the first valve is opened and the second valve is closed, fluid flows into the inlet and out of the outlet. When the second valve is opened and the first valve is closed, fluid from the passageway flows out of the drain. A pump may be connected to the drain.
Abstract:
A plasma reactor appropriate for fabrication, especially etching, of semiconductor integrated circuits and similar processes in which the chamber has a top comprising a truncated conical dome and, preferably, a counter electrode disposed at the top of the conical dome. An RF coil is wrapped around the conical dome to inductively couple RF energy into a plasma within the chamber dome. The dome temperature can be controlled in a number of ways. A heat sink can be attached to the outside rim of the dome. A rigid conical thermal control sheath can be fit to the outside of the dome, and any differential thermal expansion between the two is accommodated by the conical geometry, thus assuring good thermal contact. The rigid thermal control sheath can include resistive heating, fluid cooling, or both. Alternatively, a flexible resistive heater can be wrapped around the dome inside the RF coil. The resistive heater includes a heater wire wound in a serpentine path that has straight portions overlying and perpendicular to the RF coil but has bends located away from the RF coil. The path prevents the heater wire from shorting the azimuthal electric field induced by the RF coil and also acts as a Faraday shield preventing capacitive coupling from the coil into the chamber plasma.
Abstract:
The pressure pad which pressure-sensing fabric which is within a gasket and which measures the distribution of pressure on the gasket. Thus, the gasket protects the pressure-sensing fabric from damage due to water or mechanical trauma. The pressure pad includes multiple piezoresistive depositions of piezoresistive depositions ink or paste which act as individual pressure-sensing points. Conductive tracks between the piezoresistive depositions transmit the pressure measurements in the form of electrical signals. The pressure-sensing fabric is connected to a controller and transmits pressure measurements to the controller. Algorithms stored on the controller create a map of absolute mechanical loading to each pressure-sensing point of the pressure pad. The gasket may be mounted beneath a toilet or between plumbing joints. The pressure pad may detect weaknesses in the gasket, a toilet user's weight, a weight of excrement added to the toilet, or a toilet user's posture.
Abstract:
We disclose a method of tagging a variety of pharmaceutical or nutritional products in which well-studied chemicals may be added to the products in unique ratios. The identities of the chemicals and their relative ratios comprise unique taggants. The taggants may identify which of multiple distinct categories the product falls within. The method includes the step of systematically varying the relative concentrations of the chemicals resulting in multiple ratios of the chemicals. The plurality of ratios of a defined set of chemicals may be collected to form a library of taggants associated with specified items or categories. As the number of chemicals added per product increases, the library supports more categories and the system is less likely to produce a false positive. The method may result in a series of taggants for each item which is single fault tolerant or double fault tolerant.
Abstract:
We disclose a method of using taggants to assess how and to what extent a drug in a drug composition that a user has consumed has decayed in response to storage conditions and time. The taggants may decay in response to environmental conditions which cause different drugs to lose their efficacy. These environmental conditions may include light, temperature, oxidation, moisture, and age. The taggants may be detected in biological samples, including urine and feces. By identifying the taggants, the drug composition and other information relating to the drug may be identified. Additionally, quantification of the different taggants may be used to determine whether the drug in the drug composition has been exposed to environmental conditions which may reduce its efficacy.
Abstract:
We disclose a method of tagging pharmaceutical and nutritional products with nanoparticles which include noble metals. The disclosure describes a plurality of nanoparticles each with either a different size and/or shape. The nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes are distinguishable using spectroscopic techniques because each is associated with different optical properties and have a different spectral signature. The different optical properties are at least due to the unique size or shape of the nanoparticles. Each of the plurality of nanoparticles may be associated with a different characteristic of the tagged pharmaceutical or nutritional product. The method includes mixing the nanoparticles with or adhering the nanoparticles to the tagged pharmaceutical or nutritional product. Two or more of the plurality of nanoparticles may be mixed with or adhered to the tagged pharmaceutical or nutritional product in a ratio and the ratio may be associated with a characteristic of the product.
Abstract:
We disclose a drug tracking system and method of use which may be used to screen a subject's bodily waste and to identify the drug the subject has consumed. The system includes a drug that is tagged with a food dye that may be detected in the subject's bodily waste using absorption spectroscopic analysis. The subject consumes the tagged drug and a user obtains a sample of the subject's bodily waste. The user may analyze the subject's urine using an absorption spectroscopic technique. The user may enter the emission spectrum obtained from the absorption spectroscopic analysis into a database that includes the signature emission spectra from multiple food dyes that are used as drug tags. The emission spectra may be compared and the identity of the food dye and its associated drug may be determined.
Abstract:
Apparatus for processing a substrate is disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a substrate support may include a substrate support having a support surface for supporting a substrate the substrate support having a central axis; a first electrode disposed within the substrate support to provide RF power to a substrate when disposed on the support surface; an inner conductor coupled to the first electrode about a center of a surface of the first electrode opposing the support surface, wherein the inner conductor is tubular and extends from the first electrode parallel to and about the central axis in a direction away from the support surface of the substrate support; an outer conductor disposed about the inner conductor; and an outer dielectric layer disposed between the inner and outer conductors, the outer dielectric layer electrically isolating the outer conductor from the inner conductor. The outer conductor may be coupled to electrical ground.