Abstract:
Electroless metal plating solutions are formulated and controlled to provide high quality metal deposits by establishing the intrinsic cathodic reaction rate of the solution less than 110 % of the intrinsic anodic reaction rate. Methods are provided to formulate electroless copper plating solutions which can deposit copper on printed wiring boards of quality sufficient to pass a thermal stress of 10 seconds contact with molten solder at 288°C without cracking the copper deposits on the surface of the printed wiring boards or in the holes. The ratio of the anodic reaction rate to the cathodic reaction rate can be determined by electrochemical measurements, or it can be estimated by varying the concentration of the reactants and measuring the plating rates.
Abstract:
Method for analyzing an electroless plating solution which comprises metallic ions and reducing agent for the metallic ion, the method comprising providing at least two electrodes in the plating solution, electrochemically analyzing at least one constituent of the plating solution using the electrodes, and providing a reproducible surface on at least one of the electrodes after the analysis by electrochemically stripping and resurfacing in the plating solution in order to prepare for the next analysis cycle.
Abstract:
The spacing between two surfaces such as the space between a glass disk (14) and a magnetic head or slider (12) is measured by directing light from a broad spectrum light source (18) onto the two surfaces, and combining the reflected light, with the light at different frequencies being combined constructively and destructively. The combined signals are analysed at a large number of wavelengths to give a plot of intensity vs. wavelength, and the wavelength or wavelengths of maximum intensity (and constructive interference) and/or minimum intensity (destructive interference) are identified.
Abstract:
In an apparatus for controlling the power factor of a power distribution system connected to inductive loads, banks of delta connected capacitors are added to or removed from the power lines of the power distribution system by a plurality of solid state switching devices which are under the control of a microprocessor. The solid state switching devices include optically isolated SCR devices that do not generate electrical interference and provide transient free operation. The microprocessor is also capable of calculating the power factor and displaying it on a digital readout.
Abstract:
A stepping motor including a plurality of stator poles wherein the stator poles are non-symmetrically displaced from their normal position to reduce harmonics in the torquel displacement crossing of the motor.
Abstract:
A brushless tachometer in which output signal switching is achieved using field effect transistors and which is capable of achieving linearity over a broad range, particularly the zero speed region, is claimed. According to a preferred embodiment, the brushless tachometer is operated in a current mode as part of the servo loop to substantially reduce tachometer voltage switching requirements. A ROM can be used to control commutation switching. Commutation is preferable line-to-neutral to reduce ripple.
Abstract:
An improved process for making substrates for mounting and interconnecting high density components comprising a substrate core and at least two printed circuit conductor networks and wire scribed conductor filaments wherein connection between selected conductors of the printed circuit networks are formed by providing cavities reaching from a conductor in one network to a conductor in another network and depositing conductive material covering the cavity wall and reaching from one to the other conductor; encapsulating the surface with a resin composition and providing its surface with wire scribed conductors; encapsulating the thus formed surface and,at predetermined locations, providing cavities reaching from the encapsulant surface to the respective wire scribed conductor; and applying a conductive metal layer to said cavity and the core of said wire scribed conductor thus forming an electrical connection from said conductor core to said surface of said encapsulant layer.
Abstract:
In a process for scribing conductors in a predetermined pattern onto a surface of a substrate being adhesive coated, the adhesive coating being non-tacky and solid before activation and activatable by application of energy which may be applied by means of a pulsed radiation or heated fluid beam, and revert to the non-tacky, solid state after activation.
Abstract:
in a two-phase salient pole variable reluctance motor in which the number of stator poles (24-27) is four or a multiple of four, alternate stator poles carry windings (31-34) of different phases and each stator pole (24-27) has an elongated pole shoe (53), so that the pole tips (28, 29) of each adjacent pair of stator poles are at a relatively short circumferential spacing. Each rotor pole (35, 36) has an iron depletion layer (37) in the vicinity of its poleface surface (38) which defines a saturating zone, across which the greater part of the magnetomotive force produced by energisation of the stator windings is developed due to the uniform build-up of flux with rotor angle throughout almost the entire duration of pole overlap. A working stroke approximating to stator pole pitch is achieved. The circumferential extent of each rotor pole (35, 36) is matched to that of the stator poles (24-27) so that when the rotor poles are fully aligned with a pair of stator poles, each rotor poletip (41, 42) is located in the vicinity of a pair of spaced apart stator pole tips (28, 29), the relative disposition of the pole tips being such that when both phases of the motor are then simultaneously excited, fringing flux passes through the rotor poletips (41, 42), this flux being relatively strong for one poletip of each rotor pole and relatively weak for the other poletip. When the rotor poles are initially positioned so that there is partial overlap between rotor and stator poles, the motor is started by a conventional reluctance motor phase energisation sequence, but when the rotor poles are initially fully aligned with a pair of stator poles, in which position neither phase acting alone is capable of producing torque, both phases are excited simultaneously, so that torque is applied to the rotor by the flux asymmetry prevailing in these circumstances to move the rotor into a disposition from which a normal phase energisation may be followed. The motor is bi-directional and self-starting in both senses from any rotor posi- tinn