Abstract:
The present invention relates to a process for preparing furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, the process comprising the following steps: (A-1) preparing or providing a starting mixture comprising one, two or more carbohydrate compounds selected from the group consisting of hexoses, oligosaccharides comprising hexose units, and polysaccharides comprising hexose units, and as the solvent or as a co-solvent for said carbohydrate compounds an amount of one or more carboxylic acid esters of formula (II) (A-2) subjecting said starting mixture to reaction conditions so that at least one of said one, two or more carbohydrate compounds reacts, and a fraction of said amount of one or more carboxylic acid esters of formula (II) is hydrolyzed, so that a mixture results comprising 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural and/or said one or more HMF esters of formula (I), one or more carboxylic acids of formula (III) and a remaining fraction of said amount of one or more carboxylic acid esters of formula (II).
Abstract:
Verfahren zur Herstellung von Acrylsäure, umfassend (i) Bereitstellen eines Stroms S4 enthaltend eine Formaldehyd-Quelle und Essigsäure; (ii) Inkontaktbringen des Stroms S4 mit einemAldolkondensationskatalysator, enthaltend ein in der Gerüststruktur Aluminium enthaltendes zeolithisches Material, unter Erhalt eines Stroms S6 enthaltend Acrylsäure, wobei die Gerüststruktur des zeolithischen Materials gemäß (ii) YO 2 und Al 2 O 3 enthält und Y ein tetravalentes Element ist; wobei der Gesamtgehalt des zeolithischen Materials gemäß (ii) an Alkalimetall und Erdalkalimetall, berechnet als Alkalimetalloxid und Erdalkalimetalloxid, von 0 bis 0,1 Gewichts-%, jeweils bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht des zeolithischen Materials, beträgt, und wobei der Aldolkondensationskatalysator gemäß (ii) außerhalb der Gerüststruktur des darin enthaltenen zeolithischen Materials von 0 bis 1 Gewichts-% Vanadium enthält, bezogen auf Vanadium als Vanadium(V)oxid.
Abstract:
Catalytic process for preparing an α, β -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid salt, comprising reacting an alkene and carbon dioxide in the presence of a carboxylation catalyst and releasing the α, β -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid salt with a base, the carboxylation catalyst being a transition metal complex, which comprises a structurally constrained bidentate P,X ligand, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of P, N, O, and carbene, the P and X atom are separated by 2 to 4 bridging atoms, and wherein the bridging atoms are part of at least one 5- to 7-membered cyclic substructure. A further catalytic processes for preparing α, β -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid derivatives from CO 2 and an alkene is provided.
Abstract:
The present invention relates a process for depolymerization of lignin comprising thermal conversion of an aqueous mixture having a pH of at least 9 comprising lignin, catalyst and primary alcohol in a non-oxidizing atmosphere at a temperature of at least 280°C.
Abstract:
The invention relates to a catalyst and catalyst layer and process for preparing dimethyl ether from synthesis gas or methanol as well as the use of the catalyst or catalyst layer in this process.
Abstract:
The invention relates to a process for producing a catalyst comprising an intermetallic compound comprising following steps: (a) Dissolving a metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, Ca, Sr, Ba, Eu and Yb in liquid ammonia, (b) Adding nanoparticles comprising a metal selected from the group consisting of Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au and Ru or a halide of at least one of these metals and an inorganic salt to the solution obtained in step (a), (c) Removing the liquid ammonia, (d) Annealing the mixture of step (c) at a temperature in the range between 200°C and the melting temperature of the intermetallic compound wherein the intermetallic compound is formed, (e) Washing the intermetallic compound achieved in step (d). The invention further relates to a catalyst obtained by the process.
Abstract:
A process for preparing an aromatic isocyanate by direct carbonylation of a nitro aromatic compound by reacting the nitro aromatic compound with carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalyst, characterized in that the catalyst contains a multi metallic material comprising one or more binary intermetallic phases of the general formula A x B y wherein: A is one or more element selected from Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt and Ag, B is one or more element selected from Sn, Sb, Pb, Zn, Ga, In, Ge and As, x is in the range 0.1 –10, y in is in the range 0.1 –10.
Abstract:
The invention relates to aprocess for producing a catalyst comprising an intermetallic com- pound comprisingmixing of a salt comprising a metal selected from the group consisting of Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Auand Ru, a salt comprising a metal selected from the group consist- ing of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba,Sc, Y, La and the lanthanides, and a reducing agentcomprising a salt,wherein the mixing is carried out at a temperature where all compo- nents are solid; reacting the mixture obtained to form an intermetallic compound by heating said to a temperature in the range between the melting temperature of thereducing agent and the melting temperature of the intermetallic compound and holdingthe temperaturefor1 minute to 600 minutes;and washing the mixture to removeby-products andremainders of the salt of the cations of the reducing agent and at least one of the anions of the salts used in the first step. The invention further relates to a catalyst obtained by the process.
Abstract:
Oxidische Zusammensetzung, enthaltend Vanadium, Wolfram, Phosphor, Sauerstoff und gegebenenfalls Zinn, wobei in der oxidischen Zusammensetzung das molare Verhältnis von Phosphor zur Summe aus Vanadium, Wolfram und gegebenenfalls Zinn im Bereich von 1,4:1 bis 2,4:1 liegt.
Abstract:
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Aluminaten der allgemeinen Formel (I): A 1 B x Al 12-x O 19-y , worin bedeuten A mindestens ein Element aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Sr, Ba und La, B mindestens ein Element aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Rh, Cu und Zn, x 0,05 bis 1,0, y einen Wert, der durch die Oxidationsstufen der anderen Elemente bestimmt ist, umfassend die Schritte: (i) Bereitstellung einer oder mehrerer Lösungen oder Suspensionen enthaltend Vorläuferverbindungen der Elemente A und B sowie eine Vorläuferverbindung von Aluminium in einem Lösungsmittel, (ii) Überführung der Lösungen oder Suspensionen oder der Lösungen in ein Aerosol, (iii) Einbringen des Aerosols in eine direkt oder indirekt beheizte Pyrolysezone, (iv) Durchführung der Pyrolyse, und (v) Abscheidung der gebildeten Partikel enthaltend Hexaaluminat der allgemeinen Formel (I) aus dem Pyrolysegas.