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    Processes and apparatus for removal of fermentation inhibitors from biomass hydrolysates
    1.
    发明授权
    Processes and apparatus for removal of fermentation inhibitors from biomass hydrolysates 有权

    公开(公告)号：US09738729B2

    公开(公告)日：2017-08-22

    申请号：US14623853

    申请日：2015-02-17

    Applicant: API Intellectual Property Holdings, LLC

    Inventor： Theodora Retsina ,  Jean-Pierre Monclin ,  Ryan Zebroski ,  Anastasios Trypakis ,  Vesa Pylkkanen

    IPC: C08B15/00 ,  C08H8/00

    CPC classification number: C08B15/00 ,  C08H8/00

    Abstract: The disclosure provides a process for separating fermentation inhibitors from a biomass-derived hydrolysate, comprising: introducing a biomass-derived liquid hydrolysate stream to a stripping column; introducing a steam-rich vapor stream to the stripping column to strip fermentation inhibitors (such as acetic acid) from the liquid hydrolysate stream; recovering a stripped liquid stream and a stripper vapor output stream; compressing the stripper vapor output stream; introducing the compressed vapor stream, and a water-rich liquid stream, to an evaporator; recovering, from the evaporator, an evaporated liquid stream and an evaporator output vapor stream; and recycling the evaporator output vapor stream to the stripping column as the steam-rich vapor stream. Other variations utilize a rectification column to recover a rectified liquid stream and a rectification column vapor stream, and recycle the rectification column vapor stream to the stripping column as the steam-rich vapor stream.

    Sulfite-based processes for producing nanocellulose, and compositions and products produced therefrom
    3.
    发明授权
    Sulfite-based processes for producing nanocellulose, and compositions and products produced therefrom 有权
    用于生产纳米纤维的基于亚硫酸盐的方法，以及由其制备的组合物和产品

    公开(公告)号：US09399840B2

    公开(公告)日：2016-07-26

    申请号：US14584593

    申请日：2014-12-29

    Applicant: API Intellectual Property Holdings, LLC

    Inventor： Kimberly Nelson ,  Theodora Retsina ,  Vesa Pylkkanen ,  Ryan O'Connor

    IPC: D21H11/18 ,  D21H21/32 ,  C13K1/02 ,  D21H17/66 ,  D21H11/06 ,  D21C3/04 ,  D21C3/06 ,  D21C9/00 ,  D21C9/10

    CPC classification number: D21H11/18 ,  C13K1/02 ,  D21C3/04 ,  D21C3/06 ,  D21C9/007 ,  D21C9/10 ,  D21H11/06 ,  D21H17/66 ,  D21H21/32

    Abstract: Processes disclosed are capable of converting biomass into high-crystallinity nanocellulose with low mechanical energy input. In some variations, the process includes fractionating biomass with sulfur dioxide or a sulfite compound and water, to generate cellulose-rich solids and a liquid containing hemicellulose and lignin; and mechanically treating the cellulose-rich solids to form nanofibrils and/or nanocrystals. The total mechanical energy may be less than 500 kilowatt-hours per ton. The crystallinity of the nanocellulose material may be 80% or higher, translating into good reinforcing properties for composites. The nanocellulose material may include nanofibrillated cellulose, nanocrystalline cellulose, or both. In some embodiments, the nanocellulose material is hydrophobic via deposition of some lignin onto the cellulose surface. Optionally, sugars derived from amorphous cellulose and hemicellulose may be separately fermented, such as to monomers for various polymers. These polymers may be combined with the nanocellulose to form completely renewable composites.

    Abstract translation: 所公开的方法能够以低机械能输入将生物质转化为高结晶度纳米纤维素。 在一些变型中，该方法包括用二氧化硫或亚硫酸盐化合物和水分解生物质，以产生富含纤维素的固体和含有半纤维素和木质素的液体; 并机械处理富含纤维素的固体以形成纳米原纤维和/或纳米晶体。 总机械能可能小于500千瓦时/吨。 纳米纤维素材料的结晶度可以为80％以上，转化为复合材料的良好的增强性能。 纳米纤维素材料可以包括纳米纤维化纤维素，纳米晶纤维素或两者。 在一些实施方案中，通过将一些木质素沉积到纤维素表面上，纳米纤维素材料是疏水的。 任选地，衍生自无定形纤维素和半纤维素的糖可以单独发酵，例如用于各种聚合物的单体。 这些聚合物可与纳米纤维素结合形成完全可再生的复合材料。

    Processes and apparatus for lignin separation in biorefineries
    5.
    发明授权
    Processes and apparatus for lignin separation in biorefineries 有权
    生物精炼厂木质素分离的工艺和设备

    公开(公告)号：US09322072B2

    公开(公告)日：2016-04-26

    申请号：US14066534

    申请日：2013-10-29

    Applicant: API Intellectual Property Holdings, LLC

    Inventor： Theodora Retsina ,  Vesa Pylkkanen ,  Kimberly Nelson ,  Mark Szczepanik

    IPC: C13K1/00 ,  C07G1/00 ,  C08B37/00 ,  C08H8/00 ,  C13K1/02 ,  C13K13/00

    CPC classification number: C07G1/00 ,  C08B37/0057 ,  C08H8/00 ,  C13K1/00 ,  C13K1/02 ,  C13K1/04 ,  C13K13/00 ,  Y02E50/343

    Abstract: The present invention generally provides methods of improving lignin separation during biomass fractionation with an acid to release sugars and a solvent for lignin (such as ethanol). In some embodiments, a digestor is employed to fractionating a feedstock in the presence of a solvent for lignin, sulfur dioxide, and water, to produce a liquor containing hemicellulose, cellulose-rich solids, and lignin. A solid additive is added to the digestor, wherein the solid additive combines with at least a portion of the lignin. Then a mixture of lignin and the solid additive is separated from the liquor, prior to hemicellulose recovery. Optionally, a solid additive may also be introduced to a hydrolysis reactor for converting hemicellulose oligomers to monomers, to improve separation of acid-catalyzed lignin. In some embodiments, the solid additive is gypsum or a gypsum/lignin mixture.

    Abstract translation: 本发明通常提供在用酸释放糖和用于木质素（例如乙醇）的溶剂的生物质分馏过程中改善木质素分离的方法。 在一些实施方案中，消化剂用于在木素，二氧化硫和水的溶剂存在下分馏原料，以产生含有半纤维素，富含纤维素的固体和木质素的液体。 将固体添加剂加入到消化器中，其中固体添加剂与至少一部分木质素结合。 然后在半纤维素回收之前将木质素和固体添加剂的混合物与液体分离。 任选地，也可以将固体添加剂引入水解反应器以将半纤维素低聚物转化为单体，以改善酸催化的木质素的分离。 在一些实施方案中，固体添加剂是石膏或石膏/木质素混合物。

    Processes for producing energy-dense biomass for combustion
    6.
    发明授权
    Processes for producing energy-dense biomass for combustion 有权
    用于生产能量密度生物质燃烧的方法

    公开(公告)号：US09145529B2

    公开(公告)日：2015-09-29

    申请号：US14173332

    申请日：2014-02-05

    Applicant: API Intellectual Property Holdings, LLC

    Inventor： Theodora Retsina ,  Vesa Pylkkanen

    IPC: C12P7/10 ,  C10L5/44 ,  C13K13/00 ,  F23G7/10 ,  C12P19/02 ,  C12P19/14

    CPC classification number: C10L5/44 ,  C08B37/0057 ,  C08H8/00 ,  C12P19/02 ,  C12P19/14 ,  C13K13/007 ,  F23G7/10 ,  F23G7/105 ,  F23G2900/50206 ,  Y02E50/10 ,  Y02E50/15 ,  Y02E50/16 ,  Y02E50/30 ,  Y02P20/136

    Abstract: This invention provides processes to convert biomass into energy-dense biomass for combustion, alone or in combination with another solid fuel. Some embodiments provide processes for producing energy-dense biomass from cellulosic biomass, comprising extracting the feedstock with steam and/or hot water to produce an extract liquor containing hemicellulosic oligomers, dissolved lignin, and cellulose-rich solids; separating the extract liquor, to produce dewatered cellulose-rich solids; hydrolyzing the dewatered cellulose-rich solids, thereby removing a portion of the cellulose, to produce intermediate solids (with higher energy density) and a hydrolysate; drying the intermediate solids to produce energy-dense biomass; and optionally recovering fermentable sugars from the hydrolysate. The energy-dense biomass may be pelletized into biomass pellets, which may have a similar energy density as torrefied pellets from wood. The hemicellulosic oligomers may be further hydrolyzed to produce additional fermentable sugars. The fermentable sugars may be fermented to ethanol or another product.

    Abstract translation: 本发明提供了将生物质转化为能量密集生物质用于燃烧的方法，单独或与另一种固体燃料组合。 一些实施方案提供了用于从纤维素生物质生产能量密度生物质的方法，包括用蒸汽和/或热水萃取原料以产生含有半纤维素低聚物，溶解的木质素和富含纤维素的固体的提取液; 分离萃取液，产生脱水的富含纤维素的固体; 水解脱水的富含纤维素的固体，从而除去一部分纤维素，以产生中等固体（具有较高的能量密度）和水解产物; 干燥中间体固体以产生能量密集的生物质; 并任选地从水解产物中回收可发酵的糖。 能量密度生物质可以被造粒成生物质颗粒，其可以具有与来自木材的焙烧颗粒相似的能量密度。 半纤维素低聚物可进一步水解以产生额外的可发酵糖。 可发酵糖可以发酵成乙醇或其他产品。

    Processes and systems for producing nanocellulose from old corrugated containers
    7.
    发明授权
    Processes and systems for producing nanocellulose from old corrugated containers 有权

    公开(公告)号：US10753042B2

    公开(公告)日：2020-08-25

    申请号：US15629832

    申请日：2017-06-22

    Applicant: API Intellectual Property Holdings, LLC

    Inventor： Kimberly Nelson ,  Theodora Retsina ,  Lee Hill

    IPC: D21C5/00

    Abstract: In some variations, OCC is screened, cleaned, deinked, and mechanically refined to generate cellulose nanofibrils. The OCC may be subjected to further chemical, physical, or thermal processing, prior to mechanical refining. For example, the OCC may be subjected to hot-water extraction, or fractionation with an acid catalyst, a solvent for lignin, and water. In certain embodiments to produce cellulose nanocrystals, OCC is exposed to AVAP® digestor conditions. The resulting pulp is optionally bleached and is mechanically refined to generate cellulose nanocrystals. In certain embodiments to produce cellulose nanofibrils, OCC is exposed to GreenBox+® digestor conditions. The resulting pulp is mechanically refined to generate cellulose nanofibrils. The site of a system to convert OCC to nanocellulose may be co-located with an existing OCC processing site. The nanocellulose line may be a bolt-on retrofit system to existing infrastructure. In other embodiments, a dedicated plant for converting OCC to nanocellulose is used.

    Nanocellulose compositions and processes to produce same
    8.
    发明授权
    Nanocellulose compositions and processes to produce same 有权

    公开(公告)号：US10214595B2

    公开(公告)日：2019-02-26

    申请号：US15353306

    申请日：2016-11-16

    Applicant: API Intellectual Property Holdings, LLC

    Inventor： Theodora Retsina ,  Kimberly Nelson

    IPC: C08B15/02 ,  C08B15/00 ,  C08B15/04 ,  C08B15/08 ,  C08J7/12 ,  C08K9/00 ,  C08L1/02 ,  C09D101/04

    Abstract: A composition comprising nanocellulose is disclosed, wherein the nanocellulose contains very low or essentially no sulfur content. The nanocellulose may be in the form of cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibrils, or both. The nanocellulose is characterized by a crystallinity of at least 80%, an onset of thermal decomposition of 300° F. or higher, and a low light transmittance over the range 400-700 nm. Other variations provide a composition comprising lignin-coated hydrophobic nanocellulose, wherein the nanocellulose contains very low or essentially no sulfur content. Some variations provide a composition comprising nanocellulose, wherein the nanocellulose contains about 0.1 wt % equivalent sulfur content, or less, as SO4 groups chemically or physically bound to the nanocellulose. In some embodiments, the nanocellulose contains essentially no hydrogen atoms (apart from hydrogen structurally contained in nanocellulose itself) bound to the nanocellulose. Various compositions, materials, and products may incorporate the nanocellulose compositions disclosed herein.

    Nanocellulose compositions and processes to produce same
    9.
    发明授权
    Nanocellulose compositions and processes to produce same 有权
    纳米纤维素组合物及其制备方法

    公开(公告)号：US09499637B2

    公开(公告)日：2016-11-22

    申请号：US14746822

    申请日：2015-06-22

    Applicant: API Intellectual Property Holdings, LLC

    Inventor： Theodora Retsina ,  Kimberly Nelson

    IPC: C08B15/00 ,  C08B15/04 ,  C08B15/08 ,  C08J7/12 ,  C08K9/00 ,  C08L1/02

    CPC classification number: C08B15/02 ,  C08B15/00 ,  C08B15/04 ,  C08B15/08 ,  C08J7/12 ,  C08K9/00 ,  C08L1/02 ,  C09D101/04

    Abstract: A composition comprising nanocellulose is disclosed, wherein the nanocellulose contains very low or essentially no sulfur content. The nanocellulose may be in the form of cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibrils, or both. The nanocellulose is characterized by a crystallinity of at least 80%, an onset of thermal decomposition of 300° F. or higher, and a low light transmittance over the range 400-700 nm. Other variations provide a composition comprising lignin-coated hydrophobic nanocellulose, wherein the nanocellulose contains very low or essentially no sulfur content. Some variations provide a composition comprising nanocellulose, wherein the nanocellulose contains about 0.1 wt % equivalent sulfur content, or less, as SO4 groups chemically or physically bound to the nanocellulose. In some embodiments, the nanocellulose contains essentially no hydrogen atoms (apart from hydrogen structurally contained in nanocellulose itself) bound to the nanocellulose. Various compositions, materials, and products may incorporate the nanocellulose compositions disclosed herein.

    Abstract translation: 公开了包含纳米纤维素的组合物，其中所述纳米纤维素含有非常低或基本上不含硫含量。 纳米纤维素可以是纤维素纳米晶体，纤维素纳米纤丝或两者的形式。 纳米纤维素的特征在于至少80％的结晶度，300°F或更高的热分解开始，以及400-700nm范围内的低透光率。 其它变化提供包含木质素包被的疏水性纳米纤维素的组合物，其中所述纳米纤维素含有非常低或基本上不含硫含量。 一些变型提供包含纳米纤维素的组合物，其中纳米纤维素含有约0.1重量％当量的硫含量，或更少，因为SO4基团与纳米纤维素化学或物理结合。 在一些实施方案中，纳米纤维素基本上不含与纳米纤维素结合的氢原子（除了结构上包含在纳米纤维素本身中的氢之外）。 各种组合物，材料和产品可以并入本文公开的纳米纤维素组合物。

    PROCESSES AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING FERMENTABLE SUGARS AND LOW-ASH BIOMASS FOR COMBUSTION AT REDUCED EMISSIONS
    10.
    发明申请
    PROCESSES AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING FERMENTABLE SUGARS AND LOW-ASH BIOMASS FOR COMBUSTION AT REDUCED EMISSIONS 有权
    生产发酵糖和低生物质的方法和装置，用于减少排放的燃烧

    公开(公告)号：US20130244290A1

    公开(公告)日：2013-09-19

    申请号：US13829237

    申请日：2013-03-14

    Applicant: API INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY HOLDINGS, LLC

    Inventor： Theodora Retsina ,  Vesa Pylkkanen

    IPC: C08B1/00 ,  C12P19/14

    CPC classification number: C05F17/00 ,  C08B1/003 ,  C08H8/00 ,  C10L5/44 ,  C10L2290/08 ,  C10L2290/10 ,  C10L2290/544 ,  C12P7/06 ,  C12P7/10 ,  C12P7/16 ,  C12P7/54 ,  C12P7/56 ,  C12P19/14 ,  C12P2201/00 ,  C13K1/02 ,  F23G7/12 ,  Y02E50/10 ,  Y02E50/16 ,  Y02E50/17 ,  Y02E50/30 ,  Y02P20/145 ,  Y02W30/43

    Abstract: This invention provides processes and apparatus to convert biomass, including wood and agricultural residues, into low-ash biomass pellets for combustion, alone or in combination with another solid fuel. Some embodiments provide processes for producing hemicellulosic sugars and low-ash biomass from cellulosic biomass, comprising providing an aqueous extraction solution with acetic acid; extracting the feedstock to produce an extract liquor containing soluble ash, hemicellulosic oligomers, acetic acid, dissolved lignin, and cellulose-rich solids; dewatering and drying the cellulose-rich, lignin-rich solids to produce a low-ash biomass; hydrolyzing the hemicellulosic oligomers to produce fermentable hemicellulosic sugars, wherein additional acetic acid is generated; removing a vapor stream comprising vaporized acetic acid from the extract; recycling the vapor or its condensate to provide some starting acetic acid for the extraction solution; and recovering fermentable hemicellulosic sugars. The disclosed processes can produce clean power from biomass. Co-products include fermentation products such as ethanol, fertilizers, and lignin.

    Abstract translation: 本发明提供了将生物质（包括木材和农业残余物）转化为低灰分生物质颗粒以用于燃烧，单独或与另一种固体燃料组合的方法和装置。 一些实施方案提供了从纤维素生物质制备半纤维素糖和低灰分生物质的方法，其包括用乙酸提供水提取溶液; 提取原料以产生含有可溶性灰分，半纤维素低聚物，乙酸，溶解的木质素和富含纤维素的固体的提取液; 脱水和干燥富含纤维素的木质素固体以产生低灰分生物质; 水解半纤维素低聚物以产生可发酵的半纤维素糖，其中产生另外的乙酸; 从提取物中除去包含蒸发的乙酸的蒸气流; 回收蒸气或其冷凝物，为提取溶液提供一些起始乙酸; 并回收可发酵的半纤维素糖。 所公开的方法可以从生物质产生清洁的动力。 共同产品包括发酵产品如乙醇，肥料和木质素。

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