Abstract:
The present invention provides a method of monitoring the operation of a radiation source fuel droplet stream generator comprising a fuel-containing capillary and a piezo-electric actuator (500). The method comprises analysing the resonance frequency spectrum of a system comprising the fuel-containing capillary and the piezo-electric actuator in particular to look for changes in the resonance frequencies of the acoustic system which may be indicative of a change in the properties of the system requiring investigation.
Abstract:
A method is disclosed involving depositing a neutral orientation template layer onto a substrate after formation of chemical epitaxy or graphoepitaxy features on the substrate, but before deposition and orientation of a self-assemblable polymer. The orientation layer is arranged to bond with the substrate but not with certain features, so that it may be easily removed by vacuum or rinsing with organic solvent. The neutral orientation layer has a chemical affinity to match that of blocks in the self-assemblable polymer so that blocks of differing types wet the neutral orientation layer so that domains in the self-assembled polymer may lie side by side along the substrate surface, with interfaces normal to the substrate surface. The resulting aligned and oriented self-assembled polymer may itself be used as a resist for device lithography of the substrate.
Abstract:
A method of imprint lithography involves the use of a void space in the substrate or imprint template. A gas pocket trapped between an imprint template and an imprintable, flowable medium on the substrate may lead to an irregularity once the imprintable medium has set. A void space allows the gas pocket to dissipate by flow or diffusion of gas into the void space, typically prior to setting the imprintable medium. A layer of solid porous medium as part of the imprint template, for instance as a layer forming or neighbouring the patterning surface of the template, may provide the void space. The void space of the porous layer acts as a void space into which the trapped gas can flow or diffuse. The substrate to be patterned may include a porous layer for the same purpose. A suitable solid porous medium includes a nanoporous silica.
Abstract:
A method for generating radiation. Directing a first body from a first location. Directing a second body from a second, different location. The first body and second body being used to form a target at a plasma formation location. At least one of the first body and second body comprising a fuel for use in generating a radiation generating plasma. Directing initiating radiation at the target at the plasma formation location to generate a radiation generating plasma from the target.
Abstract:
A method of lithography on a substrate uses a self-assembled polymer (SAP) layer deposited on the substrate, with first and second domains arranged in a pattern across the layer. A planarization layer is formed over the SAP and a development etch applied to substantially remove a portion of the planarization layer over the second domain leaving a cap of the planarization layer substantially covering the first domain. The uncapped second domain is then removed from the surface by a breakthrough etch leaving the capped first domain as a pattern feature on the surface. A transfer etch may then be used to transfer the pattern feature to the substrate using the capped first domain. The capping allows the second domain to be removed, e.g., without excessive loss of lateral feature width for the remaining first domain, even when the difference in etch resistance between the first and second domains is small.
Abstract:
A radiation source (e.g., LPP - laser produced plasma source) for generation of extreme UV (EUV) radiation has at least two fuel particle streams having different trajectories. Each stream is directed to cross the path of an excitation (laser) beam focused at a plasma formation region, but the trajectories are spaced apart at the plasma formation region, and the streams phased, so that only one stream has a fuel particle in the plasma formation region at any time, and so that when a fuel particle from one stream is generating plasma and EUV radiation at the plasma generation region, other fuel particles are sufficiently spaced so as to be substantially unaffected by the plasma. The arrangement permits potential doubling of the radiation intensity achievable for a particular fuel particle size.
Abstract:
Methods and apparatus are provided for promoting the coalescence of fuel droplets in a stream generated by a radiation source droplet stream generator for use in lithographic apparatus. Various examples are described in which a modulating voltage source is applied to the emitter so that the electrical characteristics of the droplets may be controlled. This results in acceleration and deceleration of droplets in the stream which causes them to merge and promotes coalescence.
Abstract:
A droplet generator, for an EUV radiation source, comprises: a capillary in which, in use, molten material flows; an actuator configured to modulate a pressure inside the capillary; and a controller configured to drive the actuator at a driving frequency; wherein the droplet generator is arranged such that, in use, the driving frequency is equal or about equal to a main resonance frequency of the molten material in the capillary.
Abstract:
The present invention provides methods and apparatus for facilitating the start up of a fuel droplet stream generator. During a start-up phase the fuel droplet stream generator is positioned so that the fuel droplets re emitted downwardly whereby gravity assists in the establishment of the stream. The droplets are monitored using a visualization system and once the stream is determined to have the desired characteristics the stream generator is moved to a second position of steady state use in which the droplet stream is emitted in a horizontal direction.
Abstract:
A radiation source for generating EUV from a stream of molten fuel droplets by LPP (Laser Produced Plasma) or (Dual Laser Plasma) has a fuel droplet generator arranged to provide a stream of droplets of fuel (314) and at least one laser configured to vaporize at least some of the droplets of fuel, whereby radiation is generated. The fuel droplet generator has a nozzle (301), a feed chamber, and a reservoir (303), with a pumping device arranged to supply a flow of fuel in molten state from the reservoir through the feed chamber and out of the nozzle as a stream of droplets. The feed chamber has an outer face in contact with a drive cavity (310) filled with a liquid, and the liquid is driven to oscillate by a vibrator (311) with the oscillation transmissible to the molten fuel in the feed chamber from the outer face of the feed chamber through the liquid. The arrangement permits oscillatory driving of a nozzle feed chamber to control fuel stream breakup into droplets without need for direct contact between a vibrator and the fuel nozzle feed chamber. This may reduce risk of loss of transmission from vibrator to feed chamber through contact failure and may allow for remote positioning of the vibrator at a cooled location for efficient operation.