Abstract:
The present invention is a charged-particle gun (EG) in which a negative electrode (1) and a positive electrode (9) are integrated and assembled in advance, and which can be stored and transported in a state in which the negative electrode and the positive electrode are integrated, wherein the negative electrode and the positive electrode are connected by a conductor (11) during storage and transportation of the charged-particle gun. It is thereby possible to prevent an electrode tip of the charged-particle gun from being damaged by electrical discharge caused by static electricity during storage and transportation.
Abstract:
There is disclosed a method of controlling an electron gun without causing decreases in brightness of the electron beam if a current-limiting aperture cannot be used. The electron gun (10) has a cathode (11), a Wehnelt electrode (12), a control electrode (13), an anode (14), and a controller (22). The Wehnelt electrode (12) has a first opening (12c) in which the tip of the cathode is inserted, and focuses thermal electrons emitted from the tip of the cathode (11). The thermal electrons emitted from the tip of the cathode (11) are caused to pass into a second opening (13c) by the control electrode (13). The anode (14) accelerates the thermal electrons emitted from the cathode (11) such that the thermal electrons passed through the second opening (13c) pass through a third opening (14b) and impinge as an electron beam (B1) on a powdered sample (8). The controller (22) sets the bias voltage and the control voltage based on combination conditions of the bias voltage and control voltage to maintain the brightness of the beam constant.
Abstract:
Methods of marking paper products and marked paper products are provided. Some methods include irradiating the paper product to alter the functionalization of the paper.
Abstract:
Methods of marking paper products and marked paper products are provided. Some methods include irradiating the paper product to alter the functionalization of the paper.