Abstract:
A fuel additive composition containing ethanol, n-propanol or mixtures thereof together with a non-hydroxy fatty acid and organic ester is described. A miscible fuel blend composition containing the fuel additive composition and diesel oil, gas oil or a mixture thereof, as well as a process for preparing the fuel blend composition is also described.
Abstract:
Emissions of pollutants from diesel engines are reduced by a combination of mechanical devices and fuel additives. In one series of embodiments, diesel emissions of NO.sub.x and particulates are reduced, simultaneously with gaseous hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, by the combined use of exhaust gas recirculation or engine timing modification, with a particulate trap and a platinum group metal catalyst composition. In another embodiment, a multi-metal catalyst composition, comprising a combination of a platinum metal catalyst composition and at least one auxiliary catalyst metal composition, especially cerium or copper, is employed to provide catalyst metal to the exhaust system including a diesel trap to lower the balance point of the particulate trap (the temperature at which the rate of trap loading equals the rate of regeneration) while also lowering the emissions of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. Data for platinum, copper and cerium catalysts establishes effective amounts. Tests also show selective maintenance of low oxidation of SO.sub.2 to SO.sub.3.
Abstract:
Methods for marking a liquid and methods and systems for identifying marked liquids. A liquid can be marked for identification purposes with at least a first marker and a second marker. Each of the markers is miscible with the liquid. The markers are mixed in the liquid so that the ratio of the concentration of the first marker to the concentration of the second marker is substantially equal to a predetermined value. Thus, when a system according to the invention measures the concentrations of the first and second markers, the system can compare the ratio of the measured concentration of the first marker to the measured concentration of the second marker with a look up table of the predetermined values to provide information concerning the identity of the liquid. In a preferred embodiment, the concentration of the markers is measured using an absorption spectrometer. When using an absorption spectrometer to measure the concentration of the markers, each of the markers has an absorbance spectrum with at least one wavelength range where the marker's absorbance is differentiable from the absorbance of the background liquid and any other marker in the liquid.
Abstract:
Fuel or lubricant additives based on reaction products of an ethylenically unsaturated poly-1-alkene derived from one or more 1-alkenes of 3 to 24 carbon atoms and from 0 to 50% by weight of ethene, processes for their preparation and fuel or lubricant compositions containing these additives are described.
Abstract:
A fuel additive composition comprising: (a) an aromatic ester compound of the formula: ##STR1## or a fuel soluble salt thereof, wherein R is hydroxy, nitro or --(CH.sub.2).sub.x --NR.sub.5 R.sub.6, wherein R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and x is 0 or 1; R.sub.1, is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro or --NR.sub.7 R.sub.8, wherein R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and R.sub.4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight in the range of about 450 to 5,000; and (b) a poly(oxyalkylene) amine having at least one basic nitrogen atom and a sufficient number of oxyalkylene units to render the poly(oxyalkylene) amine soluble in hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline or diesel fuel range. The fuel additive compositions of this invention are useful as fuel additives for the prevention and control of engine deposits.
Abstract:
Oil-soluble dispersant additives are disclosed. The additives comprise the reaction product of a functionalized 1-butene copolymer and at least one nucleophilic reactant selected from amines, amino alcohols, alcohols, and reactive metal compounds. The functionalized copolymer has within its structure at least one acyl functional group selected from the group consisting of C.sub.4 to C.sub.10 dicarboxylic acids and derivatives thereof and C.sub.3 to C.sub.10 monocarboxylic acids and derivatives thereof. The 1-butene copolymer is derived from 1-butene and at least one other .alpha.-olefin of formula CH.sub.2 .dbd.CHR', wherein R' is methyl or a C.sub.3 to C.sub.12 linear or branched alkyl group. The copolymer has a number average molecular weight of at least about 700, a molecular weight distribution of less than 5, and ethenylidene groups terminating at least about 30% of all polymer chains. The dispersant additives are useful in oleaginous compositions including lubricating oil compositions and concentrates and fuel compositions.
Abstract:
A method of defoaming diesel fuel by adding an organofunctionally modified polysiloxane of the general Formula I ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 are alkyl groups with 1 to 4 carbon atoms or aryl groups with the proviso that at least 80% of the R.sup.1 groups are methyl groups,R.sup.2 are the same or different in the molecule30 to 90% of R.sup.2 having the same meaning as R.sup.1, and70 to 10% of R.sup.2 consisting of a mixture of R.sup.2A and R.sup.2B groups which differ in polarity,is described. The inventive polysiloxane is added in an amount of 0.5 to 50 ppm, based on the diesel fuel.
Abstract:
According to the present invention, oleaginous compositions having improved stability are provided, wherein high molecular weight ashless dispersants and metal detergents are pre-blended at a temperature of at least 100.degree. C. for a period of from 1 to 10 hours, cooled to at least 85.degree. C. and admixed with additional additives, including oil soluble copper antioxidants and zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate antiwear agents.