Abstract:
The present invention is a charged-particle gun (EG) in which a negative electrode (1) and a positive electrode (9) are integrated and assembled in advance, and which can be stored and transported in a state in which the negative electrode and the positive electrode are integrated, wherein the negative electrode and the positive electrode are connected by a conductor (11) during storage and transportation of the charged-particle gun. It is thereby possible to prevent an electrode tip of the charged-particle gun from being damaged by electrical discharge caused by static electricity during storage and transportation.
Abstract:
An apparatus for spin polarizing a particle beam is adapted to process an input particle beam in such a way as to generate an at least partially spin polarized output particle beam. A vortex beam generator for imparting orbital angular momentum to the input particle beam. An electromagnetic field generator generates a transverse magnetic field, space-variant and symmetric with respect to the axis of the input particle beam, in such a way as to change the spin of the particles and attach thereto different values of orbital angular momentum in dependence on their input spin values. A beam component separating group spatially separates the particles in dependence on their orbital angular momentum values, in such a way as to obtain the at least partially spin polarized output particle beam.
Abstract:
A method for generating an ultrashort charged particle beam, comprising creating a high intensity longitudinal E-field by shaping and tightly focusing, in an on-axis geometry, a substantially radially polarized laser beam, and using the high intensity longitudinal E-field for interaction with a medium to accelerate charged particles.
Abstract:
Methods of marking paper products and marked paper products are provided. Some methods include irradiating the paper product to alter the functionalization of the paper.
Abstract:
An electron beam source includes a base and a tip fixed to the base and extending from the base. The tip includes a core and a coating applied to the core. The core has a surface that includes a first material. The coating includes a second material which is different from the first material. The second material forms a surface of the tip, and the second coating includes more than 30% by weight of a lanthanide element.
Abstract:
An electron gun includes the following: a primary thermionic electron source, a secondary thermionic electron source and a focusing electrode disposed within a first housing that includes one or more reference members adjustably attached to a housing support connected to a first platform; an anode and one or more focusing coils disposed within a second housing comprising one or more insulating members adjustably connected to the first platform; and one or more deflection coils disposed within a third housing connected to the second housing and located opposite said first housing.
Abstract:
An electron gun having an electron source emitting electrons includes: an acceleration electrode which accelerates the electrons; an extraction electrode which has a spherical concave surface having the center on an optical axis and facing the electron emission surface, and which extracts an electron from the electron emission surface; and a suppressor electrode which suppresses electron emission from a side surface of the electron source. In the electron gun, an electric field is applied to the electron emission surface while the electron source is kept at a low temperature in such an extent that sublimation of a material of the electron source would not be caused, to cause the electron source to emit a thermal field emission electron.
Abstract:
An electron gun includes a cathode, a cavity, and an energy input. The cavity resonates at a particular frequency, and the cathode generates an electron beam along its longitudinal axis when driven by resonant electromagnetic radiation of the particular frequency. The energy input introduces electromagnetic radiation of the particular frequency into the cavity along the longitudinal axis of the cathode.
Abstract:
An emitter device including a focusing array with plural focusing columns to focus emissions from one or more emitters onto a target medium. Relative movement between the target medium and the focused emissions allows each focusing column to focus emissions over an area of the target medium encompassing the movement range. In a preferred embodiment, separate emitter, focusing array and target medium substrates are used. The focusing array may be moveable, or in a particularly preferred embodiment, is affixed to the emitter substrate, in which case the target medium substrate is movable or the focusing array includes beam direction control.
Abstract:
An electron source includes a planar emission region for generating an electron emission, and a focusing structure for focusing the electron emission into an electron beam.