Abstract:
The invention describes a particle source in which energy selection occurs. The energy selection occurs by sending a beam of electrically charged particles 103 eccentrically through a lens 107. As a result of this, energy dispersion will occur in an image formed by the lens. By projecting this image onto a slit 109 in an energy selecting diaphragm 108, it is possible to allow only particles in a limited portion of the energy spectrum to pass. Consequently, the passed beam 113 will have a reduced energy spread. Deflection unit 112 deflects the beam to the optical axis 101. One can also elect to deflect a beam 105 going through the middle of the lens toward the optical axis and having, for example, greater current. The energy dispersed spot is imaged on the slit by a deflector 111. When positioning the energy dispersed spot on the slit, central beam 105 is deflected from the axis to such an extent that it is stopped by the energy selecting diaphragm. Hereby reflections and contamination resulting from this beam in the region after the diaphragm are avoided. Also electron-electron interaction resulting from the electrons from the central beam interacting with the energy filtered beam in the area of deflector 112 is avoided.
a discharge chamber containing a gas at a prescribed pressure; a cathode mounted within said discharge chamber, said cathode comprising a conductor having a plurality of micro hollows therein, each of said micro hollows having dimensions selected to support a micro hollow discharge at said prescribed pressure; an anode mounted within said discharge chamber and spaced from said cathode; and electrical means for coupling electrical energy to said cathode and said anode at a voltage and current for producing micro hollow discharges in each of the micro hollows in said cathode.
Abstract:
A soft ionization device is disclosed that comprises a series of electrodes (120, 122) having spacing less than the means free path of the molecules to be ionized. In some embodiments, the soft ionization device (99) is used in various applications that require ion or electron sources such as biological or chemical reactors, ion milling, and numerous replacements for conventional hot cathode systems. In another embodiment, a valence spectrometer is disclosed that is configured to variably ionize molecules (301) by their valiancy. In other embodiments, the ionization device is coupled to a spectrometer for the characterization of biological matter. Also disclosed is a preconditioner for preparing biological matter to be ionized.
Abstract:
Provided herein are approaches for improving ion beam extraction stability and ion beam current for an ion extraction system. In one approach, a source housing assembly may include a source housing surrounding an ion source including an arc chamber, the source housing having an extraction aperture plate mounted at a proximal end thereof. The source housing assembly further includes a vacuum liner disposed within an interior of the source housing to form a barrier around a set of vacuum pumping apertures. As configured, openings in the source housing assembly, other than an opening in the extraction aperture plate, are enclosed by the extraction aperture plate and the vacuum liner, thus ensuring appendix arcs or extraneous ions produced outside the arc chamber remain within the source housing. Just those ions produced within the arc chamber exit the source housing through the opening of the extraction aperture plate.
Abstract:
An ion wind fan can be made more resistant to electrical arcing by designing a supporting dielectric further from an emitter electrode, in one embodiment, such an ion wind fan according to one embodiment of the present invention has an emitter electrode and a collector electrode, and an isolator comprising a dielectric to provide electrical isolation for one or both of the emitter electrode and the collector electrode. In one embodiment, the isolator has a tapered sidewall so that the sidewall becomes thinner la the upstream direction over at least a portion of the sidewall. In one embodiment, the taper is a linear taper.
Abstract:
Methods of marking paper products and marked paper products are provided. Some methods include irradiating the paper product to alter the functionalization of the paper.